Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : PDPF
Exam Name : Privacy and Data Protection Foundation
Vendor Name : Exin
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PDPF test Format | PDPF Course Contents | PDPF Course Outline | PDPF test Syllabus | PDPF test Objectives


Exam Code: PDPF
Exam Name: Privacy and Data Protection Foundation
Number of questions: 40
Time allotted: 60 minutes
Passing mark: 65% (i.e. at least 26 out of 40 correct)
Question format: Multiple-choice (one correct answer per question)

1. Privacy fundamentals & regulation

- Definitions of privacy 7,5%

- Recall privacy related definitions according to the GDPR.
- Relate privacy to the concept of data protection
- Describe the context of Union and Member state law

- Personal data 12%

- give a definition of personal data according to the GDPR
- Make a distinction between personal data and special categories like sensitive personal data
- Describe the data subjects rights regarding personal data
- Describe processing of personal data
- List the roles, responsibilities and stakeholders

- Legitimate grounds and purpose limitation 5%

- List the six legitimate grounds
- Describe the purpose specifications
- Describe proportionality and subsidiarity

- Further requirements for legitimate processing of personal data 5%

- Describe the requirements for data processing
- Describe the purpose of personal data processing
- Principles relating to processing of personal data

- Rights of data subjects 5%

- Can describe the rights regarding data portability and the right of inspection
- Is aware of the right to be forgotten

- Data breach and related procedures 10%

- Describe the concept of data breach
- Explain the procedures on how to act when a data breach occurs
- give categories of data breaches
- Describe the difference between a security breach (incident) and a data breach
- Mention relevant stakeholders that should be informed

2. Organizing data protection

- Importance of data protection for the organization 13%

- List the different types of administration
- Indicate what activities are required to comply with the GDPR
- give a definition of data protection by design and by default
- give examples of data breaches
- Describe the data breach notification obligation as laid down in the GDPR.
- Describe enforcement of the rules by issuing penalties including administrative fines.

- Data protection authorities 7,5%

- Describe the general responsibilities of a Data Protection Authority
- Describe the role and responsibility of a Data Protection Authority related to data breaches
- Describe how a Data Protection Authority applies the GDPR

- Personal data transfer to third countries 7,5%

- Data Transfer inside the EEA
- Data Transfer outside the EEA
- Data Transfer between the EEA and the USA

- Binding Corporate rules and Privacy in contracts 7,5%

- Describe the concept of binding corporate rules (BCR)
- Describe how Privacy is formalized in written contracts between the controller and the processor
- Mention the clauses of such a written contract

3. Practice of data protection

- Privacy by design and privacy by default related to information security 5%

- Describe the benefits of the application of the principles of Privacy by design and privacy by default
- Describe the seven principles of Privacy by design
- Describe the relation between privacy and information security

- Privacy impact test (PIA) and privacy audit 5%

- Outline what a PIA comprises and when to apply a PIA
- Mention the eight objectives of a PIA
- List the syllabus of a PIA report
- Define the purpose of an audit
- List the contents of an audit plan

- Practice related applications of the use of data, marketing and social media 10%

- Describe the purpose of Data Life Cycle (DLC) management
- Explain data retention and minimization
- Describe what a cookie is and what it does
- Describe, from a data privacy perspective, how the wide spread use of internet has affected the field of marketing
- give examples of how social media information is used for Marketing activities

TERMINOLOGIES

- adequate
- appropriate technical and organizational measures
- authenticity
- availability
- binding
- binding corporate rules
- biometric data
- certification
- certification bodies
- child's consent
- codes of conduct
- collection of personal data (verb.)
- commission reports
- complaint
- compliance
- conditions for consent
- consent
- consistency
- consistency mechanism
- constitution
- contract
- controller
- cross-border processing
- data breach
- data concerning health
- data controller
- data protection
- data protection by default
- data protection by design
- data protection impact exam
- data protection officer
- data subject
- data transfer
- delegated acts and implementing acts
- derogation
- enforcement
- enterprise
- European Economic Area (EEA)
- European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS)
- European Union legal acts on data protection
- exchange of information
- exemption
- explicit consent
- genetic data
- filing system
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
- governing body
- group of undertakings
- independent supervisory authorities
- information society service
- international organization
- joint controllers
- judicial remedy
- lawfulness of processing
- legal basis
- legitimate ground (GDPR article 17/1c, article 18/1d, article 21/1) and
- legitimate basis (GDPR article 40)
- legitimate interest
- liability
- main establishment
- material scope
- National Identification Number
- non-repudiation
- opinion of the board
- personal data
- personal data breach
- personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences
- principles relating to processing of personal data
- prior consultation
- processing
- processing situations
- processing which does not require identification
- processor
- profiling
- pseudonymization
- recipient
- relevant and reasoned objection
- representative
- restriction of processing
- retention period
- right to compensation
- rights of the data subject
- rules of procedure
- security breach (security incident)
- security of personal data
- security of processing
- sensitive data
- special categories of personal data
- Supervisory Authority
- Supervisory Authority concerned
- suspension of proceedings
- territorial scope
- third party
- transfer of personal data to third countries and to international organizations



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug