Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : PEGACPMC84V1
Exam Name : Certified Pega Marketing Consultant (CPMC) 74V1 84V1
Vendor Name : Pegasystems
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PEGACPMC84V1 exam Format | PEGACPMC84V1 Course Contents | PEGACPMC84V1 Course Outline | PEGACPMC84V1 exam Syllabus | PEGACPMC84V1 exam Objectives


Exam Specification:

- exam Name: Certified Pega Marketing Consultant (CPMC) 74V1 84V1
- exam Code: CPMC 74V1, CPMC 84V1
- exam Duration: Varies (typically around 90-120 minutes)
- exam Format: Multiple-choice questions

Course Outline:

1. Pega Marketing Fundamentals
- Understanding the key concepts and principles of Pega Marketing
- Exploring the Pega Marketing architecture and components
- Configuring channels and touchpoints for marketing campaigns

2. Customer Segmentation and Targeting
- Defining customer segments based on various criteria
- Designing and implementing targeting strategies
- Leveraging predictive analytics for personalized marketing campaigns

3. Marketing Campaign Design and Execution
- Creating marketing campaigns using Pega Marketing tools and features
- Configuring decision strategies and Next-Best-Action recommendations
- Monitoring and measuring the effectiveness of marketing campaigns

4. Omni-channel Marketing and Personalization
- Designing omni-channel marketing experiences
- Implementing personalization techniques for targeted marketing
- Integrating Pega Marketing with other systems and data sources

5. Marketing Analytics and Reporting
- Analyzing marketing data and generating actionable insights
- Creating reports and dashboards to track marketing performance
- Utilizing AI and machine learning for advanced marketing analytics

Exam Objectives:

1. Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of Pega Marketing concepts, principles, and architecture.
2. Design and implement effective customer segmentation and targeting strategies.
3. Create and execute marketing campaigns using Pega Marketing tools and features.
4. Design omni-channel marketing experiences and implement personalization techniques.
5. Utilize marketing analytics and reporting to measure and optimize marketing performance.

Exam Syllabus:

The exam syllabus covers the following courses (but is not limited to):

- Pega Marketing Fundamentals
- Customer Segmentation and Targeting
- Marketing Campaign Design and Execution
- Omni-channel Marketing and Personalization
- Marketing Analytics and Reporting



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REVEALED: Fury as test and trace consultants paid more than £7,000 a day

Private sector consultants are being paid day rates of around £7,000 by the Government to help with its coronavirus test and trace system, according to reports.

Sky News said it has seen documents revealing Boston Consulting Group (BCG) was paid about £10 million for around 40 consultants to provide four months’ work between the end of April and late August.

The broadcaster said the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) received a 10 to 15% discount from BCG, whose day rates for public sector work range from £2,400 to £7,360 for the most senior consultants.

Its report comes amid ongoing criticism of the Government’s £12 billion test and trace system.

The DHSC said efforts to set up NHS Test and Trace required it to work with public and private sector partners, with “every pound spent” going towards keeping people safe and ramping up testing capacity.

But Labour’s shadow health secretary Jonathan Ashworth, responding to the reports, said: “The figures being spent on this broken system are truly shocking.”

He added: “Testing and contact tracing is failing to keep the virus under control, which makes it even more disgraceful that such huge sums of money are being spent on something that isn’t fit for purpose.”

Mr Ashworth reiterated Labour’s call for a “short circuit-break” lockdown to “fix the failing test and trace system and to ultimately save lives”.

READ MORE: Cash-strapped Darlington Council defends £48,000 marketing spend

Raising the consultant payments reports in the Commons, Labour MP Toby Perkins said: “You won’t find dedicated public servants being paid £7,500 a day.”

He added: “But what you will find is a basic competence, a knowledge of their area, a desire to make sure that the systems work before they are implemented.

“And that is what they need right now in their system.”

Meanwhile, Liberal Democrat MP Munira Wilson commented: “Just imagine how far that money would go if it was given to local authorities.

“They are paying these consultants the weekly equivalent of what a nurse earns in a year.”

Major companies such as Deloitte, PwC and BCG have been working on the Government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic, managing the track and trace system, the purchase of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the search to produce working ventilators.

READ MORE: Two more areas of the north set to be plunged into Tier 3 lockdown

Sky News reported last week that more than a thousand consultants from Deloitte were working on the NHS Test and Trace programme, on day rates of as much as £2,360.

The broadcaster said documents showed the Government had since hired more private sector consultants to work on its Moonshot mass testing programme.

Some 165 consultants were recruited to work on the scheme between now and November, Sky News said.

This includes 84 more from Deloitte, 31 from EY and 50 from KPMG, with a further 42 roles potentially available for consultants.

Tamzen Isacsson, chief executive of the Management Consultancies Association (MCA), said a large number of consultancy firms had been brought in during the pandemic to support “critical government projects”, including NHS Test and Trace.

“The consulting sector has provided multi-disciplinary capabilities and senior experience very quickly to support Government and has helped deal with complex negotiations around data, infrastructure and procurement at pace,” she said.

Ms Isacsson said MCA member firms used by the Government had been procured through “competitively tendered Crown Commercial Service frameworks which evaluate bidding firms against quality and cost criteria”.

Contracts required firms to “upskill civil servants” and “transfer knowledge”, Ms Isacsson.

She added: “We should remember that Government is dealing with an unprecedented volume of workload and major upheaval due to Covid-19 and using external resources has enabled them to work quickly and with intensity in many areas.”

A DHSC spokesperson said: “NHS Test and Trace is the biggest testing system per head of population of all the major countries in Europe.

“It’s processing 270,000 tests a day and nearly 700,000 people who may otherwise have unknowingly been at risk of spreading coronavirus have been contacted.

“To build the largest diagnostic network in British history, it requires us to work with both public and private sector partners with the specialist skills and experience they need.

“Every pound spent is contributing towards their efforts to keep people safe as they ramp up testing capacity to 500,000 tests a day by the end of October.”

BCG declined to comment.


Leading NCIC consultant urges people to complete bowel screening test

A Consultant endoscopist at North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Trust is encouraging people who have been sent an NHS bowel cancer screening kit to complete the test.

Dr Frank Hinson says the test takes less than a minute and can be lifesaving.

Dr Frank said: “People worry that tests like this may bring them bad news.  However, most people (98.7 per cent) will get a normal result.  Even when the test is positive, less than one in 11 people will have cancer.

“If it is cancer it may be so small that no major surgery will be required.  Even if surgery is required, the chances of a permanent cure are much better when cancer is caught at an early stage.”

And Frank stressed how staff at NCIC are here to help – even if the test is positive.

He said: “We have a great team of friendly nurses and doctors to help people get sorted out if they have a positive test.”

READ MORE: New £3 million school opens its doors in Harraby

Bowel cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the UK and detecting it at the earliest stage makes you up to nine times more likely to be successfully treated.


Compare Test and Trace consultants on £1,100-a-day and the £1,000-a-year rise for those on the living wage

AT the height of the pandemic, it was inevitable that some Government money would be wasted as the country coped with a completely novel situation. In fact, they would want the Government to shoot over the bar, to be trying some promising-looking schemes that turn out not to work in the fullness of time, in its bid to save lives and suppress the virus.

But, however you look at it, spending £37bn on the NHS Test and Trace system, which is 20 per cent of the NHS’ budget, is extraordinary, especially as the system has been spectacularly ineffective. It did not prevent lockdowns two nor three, the results of 86 per cent of the 691m lateral flow tests are unknown – and, most extraordinary of all, the system has failed to reduce its reliance on external consultants paid an average of £1,100-a-day.

Some are on £6,600-a-day.

Compare that to the leaked rise in the living wage, to be announced today, which will deliver a full time worker an extra £1,000-a-year.

Compare that £37bn to the £6.9bn (only £1.5bn of which is genuinely new) which will be announced today for transport spending.

Chancellor Rishi Sunak will, rightly, say today that the finances are tight and he is being as generous as he can in his Budget. How much more generous could he have been if someone in Government had kept Test and Trace on track?


 


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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug