Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : PL-400
Exam Name : Microsoft Power Platform Developer
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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PL-400 test Format | PL-400 Course Contents | PL-400 Course Outline | PL-400 test Syllabus | PL-400 test Objectives


Exam ID : PL-400

Exam Name : Microsoft Power Platform Developer



Candidates for this test design, develop, secure, and troubleshoot Power Platform solutions. Candidates implement components of a solution, including application enhancements, custom user experience, system integrations, data conversions, custom process automation, and custom visualizations.



Candidates must have strong applied knowledge of Power Platform services, including in-depth understanding of capabilities, boundaries, and constraints. Candidates should have a basic understanding of DevOps practices for Power Platform.



Candidates should have development experience that includes Power Platform services, JavaScript, JSON, TypeScript, C#, HTML, .NET, Microsoft Azure, Microsoft 365, RESTful web services, ASP.NET, and Microsoft Power BI.



Create a technical design (10-15%)

Configure Common Data Service (15-20%)

Create and configure Power Apps (15-20%)

Configure business process automation (5-10%)

Extend the user experience (10-15%)

Extend the platform (15-20%)

Develop integrations (5-10%)



Create a technical design (10-15%)

Validate requirements and design technical architecture

 design and validate the technical architecture for a solution

 design authentication and authorization strategy

 determine whether you can meet requirements with out-of-the-box functionality

 determine when to use Logic Apps versus Power Automate flows

 determine when to use serverless computing, plug-ins, or Power Automate

 determine when to build a virtual entity data source provider and when to use connectors

Design solution components

 design a data model

 design Power Apps reusable components

 design custom connectors

 design server-side components

Describe Power Platform extensibility points

 describe Power Virtual Agents extensibility points including Bot Framework skills and Power Automate flows

 describe Power BI extensibility points including Power BI APIs, custom visuals, and embedding Power BI apps in websites and other applications

 describe Power Apps portal extensibility points including CRUD APIs and custom styling

Configure Common Data Service (15-20%)

Configure security to support development

 troubleshoot operational security issues

 create or update security roles and field-level security profiles

 configure business units and teams

Implement entities and fields

 configure entity and entity options

 configure fields

 configure relationships and types of behaviors

Implement application lifecycle management (ALM)

 create solutions and manage solution components

 import and export solutions

 manage solution dependencies

 create a package for deployment

 automate deployments

 implement source control for projects including solutions and code assets

Create and configure Power Apps (15-20%)

Create model-driven apps

 configure a model-driven app

 configure forms

 configure views

 configure visualizations

Create canvas apps

 create and configure a canvas app

 implement complex formulas to manage control events and properties

 analyze app usage by using App Insights

 build reusable component libraries

Manage and troubleshoot apps

 troubleshoot app issues by using Monitor and other browser-based debugging tools

 interpret results from App Checker and Solution Checker

 identify and resolve connector and API errors

 optimize app performance including pre-loading data and query delegation

Configure business process automation (5-10%)

Configure Power Automate

 create and configure a flow

 configure steps to use Common Data Service connector actions and triggers

 implement complex expressions in flow steps

 implement error handling

 troubleshoot flows by analyzing JSON responses from connectors

Implement processes

 create and configure business process flows

 create and configure business rules

 create, manage, and interact with business process flows by using server-side and clientside code

 troubleshoot processes

Extend the user experience (10-15%)

Apply business logic using client scripting

 create JavaScript or Typescript code that targets the XRM API

 register an event handler

 create client-side scripts that target the Common Data Service Web API

Create a Power Apps Component Framework (PCF) component

 describe the PCF component lifecycle

 initialize a new PCF component

 configure a PCF component manifest

 implement the component interfaces

 package, deploy, and consume the component

 configure and use PCF Device, Utility, and WebAPI features

 test and debug PCF components by using the local test harness

Create a command button function

 create the command function

 design command button rules and actions

 edit the command bar by using the Ribbon Workbench

 manage dependencies between JavaScript libraries

Extend the platform (15-20%)

Create a plug-in

 describe the plug-in execution pipeline

 design and develop a plug-in

 debug and troubleshoot a plug-in

 implement business logic by using pre and post images

 perform operations on data by using the Organization service API

 optimize plug-in performance

 register custom assemblies by using the Plug-in Registration Tool

 develop a plug-in that targets a custom action message

Create custom connectors

 create a definition for the API

 configure API security

 use policy templates to modify connector behavior at runtime

 expose Azure Functions as custom connectors

 create custom connectors for public APIs by using Postman

Use platform APIs

 interact with data and processes by using the Common Data Service Web API or the

Organization Service

 implement API limit retry policies

 optimize for performance, concurrency, transactions, and batching

 query the Discovery service to discover the URL and other information for an organization

 perform entity metadata operations with the Web API

 perform authentication by using OAuth

Process workloads

 process long-running operations by using Azure Functions

 configure scheduled and event-driven function triggers in Azure Functions

 authenticate to the Power Platform by using managed identities

Develop Integrations (5-10%)

Publish and consume events

 publish an event by using the API

 publish an event by using the Plug-in Registration Tool

 register service endpoints including webhooks, Azure Service Bus, and Azure Event Hub

 implement a Common Data Service listener for an Azure solution

 create an Azure Function that interacts with Power Platform

Implement data synchronization

 configure entity change tracking

 read entity change records by using platform APIs

 create and use alternate keys



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug