Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : PSNCB-CPSN
Exam Name : Certified Plastic Surgical Nurse (CPSN)
Vendor Name : PNCB
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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PSNCB-CPSN test Format | PSNCB-CPSN Course Contents | PSNCB-CPSN Course Outline | PSNCB-CPSN test Syllabus | PSNCB-CPSN test Objectives


The CPSN test is a computer-based test consisting of 175 multiple-choice questions. Candidates are given 3 hours to complete the exam. The questions are divided into the following categories:

Core Knowledge (25% of the exam):
Anatomy and physiology
Wound healing and tissue repair
Pharmacology related to plastic surgery
Anesthesia and pain management

Preoperative Care (20% of the exam):
Patient test and education
Preoperative planning and preparation
Informed consent and ethical considerations

Intraoperative Care (20% of the exam):
Surgical procedures and techniques
Sterilization and infection control
Operating room safety and protocols

Postoperative Care (25% of the exam):
Postoperative test and monitoring
Complication management
Patient education and discharge planning

Professional Issues (10% of the exam):
Legal and ethical issues in plastic surgical nursing
Scope of practice and professional standards
Patient advocacy and communication

Details:

- Patient Assessment and Care Planning
- Preoperative exam
- medical history
- physical examination
- risk factors
- Psychosocial exam
- patient expectations
- body image
- mental health

- Development of individualized care plans.
- Patient education and informed consent.
- Informed consent
- risk exam
- body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
- comorbidities

- Intraoperative Care
- Roles and responsibilities of the plastic surgical nurse in the operating room.
- Sterile techniques and infection control.
- Surgical instrumentation and equipment.
- Anesthesia monitoring and patient positioning.
- Aseptic technique
- surgical draping
- electrosurgery
- tourniquet
- deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis

- Postoperative Care
- Immediate postoperative care
- monitoring
- pain management
- wound care
- Management of postoperative complications
- infection
- hematoma
- seroma

- Long-term follow-up and patient education.
- Scar management and rehabilitation.
- Hematoma
- seroma
- dehiscence
- necrosis
- compression garments
- negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)

- Reconstructive Procedures
- Principles of reconstructive surgery
- grafts
- flaps
- microsurgery
- Common reconstructive procedures
- breast reconstruction
- facial reconstruction
- burn reconstruction

- Postoperative care for reconstructive patients.
- Autograft
- allograft
- free flap
- pedicle flap
- tissue expansion
- skin graft

- Cosmetic Procedures
- Principles of cosmetic surgery
- facial rejuvenation
- body contouring
- non-surgical procedures
- Common cosmetic procedures
- rhinoplasty
- liposuction
- breast augmentation

- Postoperative care for cosmetic patients.
- Botox
- dermal fillers
- laser resurfacing
- abdominoplasty
- blepharoplasty
- liposuction
- Phases of wound healing
- inflammatory
- proliferative
- remodeling

- Types of wound closure (primary, secondary, tertiary intention).
- Wound care products
- hydrocolloids
- hydrogels
- alginates
- Pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management techniques.
- Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
- Assessment tools
- visual analog scale
- numeric rating scale

- Infection Control
- Surgical site infections (SSI).
- Antibiotic prophylaxis.
- Hand hygiene and sterilization techniques.
- Ethical and Legal Considerations
- Patient confidentiality (HIPAA compliance).
- Ethical dilemmas in plastic surgery (e.g., cosmetic surgery for minors).

- Legal issues
- malpractice
- informed consent
- Patient Education and Support
- Preoperative and postoperative instructions.
- Emotional support and counseling.
- Lifestyle modifications
- smoking cessation
- weight management

- Head and neck
- Disease process - Cranial-facial congenital anomalies - cleft lip & palate; Vascular malformations - hemangiomas, Port wine stain, Arteriovenous malformation; cancers, skin lesions
- Trauma - facial fractures, Le Forte fx, mandibular fractures, burns, soft tissue trauma, animal bites

- Breast
- Disease process - cancer, benign tumors, congenital Poland syndrome, asymmetry, nipple deformity (e.g., inversion)
- Trauma - soft tissue injury, burns, necrosis, abscesses (pressure ulcers)

- Extremities
- Disease process - cancers, ulcers, amputation, contractures, benign tumors (ganglion, mucocysts, epidermoid inclusion cyst)
- Trauma - amputation, burns, lacerations, fractures, gamekeepers injury, dislocation of digits, brachial plexus injury, vascular injury (replantation, revascularization), animal bites

- Abdomen & trunk
- Disease process - cancers, benign tumors, post-bariatric surgeries, vaginal reconstruction
- Trauma - burns, soft tissue injuries, gunshot wounds, avulsion injuries, genital injury.

- Cosmetic/Aesthetic
- Surgical
- Head and neck - rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, cheek augmentation, chin augmentation, ears, face lift, brow lift, hair transplant, neck lift, suctionassisted liposuction (SAL).
- Breast - augmentation, reduction, revision, mastopexy, malegynecomastia, SAL.
- Extremities - arm lift, SAL, thigh lift.
- Abdomen & trunk - Body contouring: buttock augmentation, SAL, lower body lift, tummy tuck, labiaplasty, vaginaplasty.

- Nonsurgical/Aesthetic
- Aesthetic injectables.
- Laser, light, & energy therapies.
- Clinical skin care.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug