Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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QIA exam Format | QIA Course Contents | QIA Course Outline | QIA exam Syllabus | QIA exam Objectives
Test Detail:
The IQN QIA (Qualified Internal Auditor) certification is designed to assess the knowledge and skills of individuals in the field of internal auditing. Here is a detailed overview of the QIA certification, including the number of questions and time, course outline, exam objectives, and exam syllabus.
Number of Questions and Time:
The exact number of questions and time allotted for the QIA certification may vary. However, typically, the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that assess the candidate's understanding of internal auditing principles and practices. The duration of the exam may vary, but it is typically completed within a specified time limit, such as two to three hours.
Course Outline:
The QIA certification course covers a comprehensive range of syllabus related to internal auditing. The specific course outline may include the following components:
1. Introduction to Internal Auditing:
- Definition, objectives, and scope of internal auditing
- Role and responsibilities of internal auditors
- Code of ethics and professional standards for internal auditors
2. Internal Auditing Process:
- Planning internal audits
- Conducting risk exams
- Developing audit programs and procedures
- Performing fieldwork and data analysis
- Reporting audit findings
3. Internal Control and Risk Management:
- Understanding internal control concepts
- Evaluating and assessing internal controls
- Identifying and managing risks
- Fraud detection and prevention
4. Audit Techniques and Tools:
- Sampling methods and statistical techniques
- Interviewing techniques
- Document examination and verification
- IT auditing and data analytics
5. Audit Reporting and Communication:
- Effective communication of audit findings
- Writing audit reports
- Presenting audit results to stakeholders
- Follow-up and monitoring of audit recommendations
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the QIA certification exam are to assess the candidate's knowledge and understanding of internal auditing principles, practices, and techniques. The specific objectives include:
- Evaluating the candidate's knowledge of internal auditing concepts and standards.
- Assessing the candidate's ability to apply internal auditing techniques and tools effectively.
- Testing the candidate's understanding of internal control and risk management principles.
- Evaluating the candidate's ability to communicate audit findings clearly and effectively.
Exam Syllabus:
The QIA exam syllabus outlines the specific syllabus and subtopics that will be covered in the exam. The syllabus may include:
- Internal auditing principles and concepts
- Internal control frameworks and frameworks (e.g., COSO, COBIT)
- Risk management methodologies
- Audit planning and execution
- Sampling techniques and statistical analysis
- Audit reporting and communication
It is important to note that the specific content and format of the QIA certification exam may vary based on the certification provider and the level of the certification (e.g., Foundation, Practitioner). It is recommended to refer to the official IQN website or authorized training providers for the most up-to-date and detailed information regarding the specific QIA certification exam you are planning to take.
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IQN Internal outline
Study outlines how college admissions practices benefit richest applicantsRaj Chetty, Director, Opportunity Insights: Great to be here, Geoff. So, what we're finding in this study looking at detailed admissions data for many Ivy League and other highly selective colleges, is that there are three key factors that lead to higher admissions rates for kids from the very highest-income families in America, families making more than about $600,000 a year. The first is legacy admissions. If your parents went to a given college, you have a five- or six-fold higher chance of getting into that college, relative to somebody else with the exact same application credentials. Second, recruited athletes are of — have a significant advantage in getting into these colleges. And they tend to come primarily from very high-income families. And, third, they find that non academic credentials — think of things like extracurriculars or other activities, leadership traits outside the classroom — these credentials tend to be much stronger among kids from very high-income families and, in particular, much stronger among kids who went to elite private high schools, which, of course, tend to be attended primarily by kids from very high-income families. Together, those three things explain why kids from the highest-income families are about two times as likely to get in as kids from middle-class families. Ross outlines $300K in storm drain repairsRoss plans to tackle $300,000 worth of storm drain projects in the next five to 10 years. The Town Council voted unanimously this month to approve a storm drain master plan, which assessed the condition of 3 miles of pipes, manholes and gutters. The plan also identified another $138,000 of improvements needed for drainage infrastructure on private property. “The culverts that cross privately maintained roadways are privately maintained storm drains,” Richard Simonitch, public works director, told the council at its meeting on July 13. Simonitch said the town will not fund 4 miles of privately maintained pipes. Councilmember Julie McMillan said she would like the town to communicate that to residents. Simonitch said he would incorporate a summary in the town’s newsletter. Simonitch said that about four years ago when the town staff was preparing capital improvement budgets he realized Ross lacked a comprehensive storm drain master plan. However, the town had set itself up to prepare the planning document back in 1990 by approving a storm drainage impact fee that is applied to construction permits. The charge is equal to 1% of valuation, and the revenue is fed into a drainage fund that designates spending on drainage studies, a master plan, construction, maintenance and other infrastructure projects. The town hired a firm to prepare the storm drain master plan and perform geographic infrastructure system mapping. The work cost $132,000, which was covered by the fee revenue. The drainage fund has $1.39 million available. For the 2023-24 fiscal year, the drainage fee revenues are expected to reach $415,000 and expenses are projected at $600,000. Expenditures include the cost of the master plan and $250,000 related to the long-planned Winship Bridge replacement, according to the town’s budget. The majority of the town’s drainage system is about 60 years old. Despite a few trouble spots, it’s in good shape overall, Simonitch said. “Year by year, they have been keeping up on new maintenance programs, replacement of storm drains and during storms, they do a lot of jetting and clearing of the storm drain lines,” Simonitch said. Tackling $300,000 in improvements is “very doable,” he said. The master plan breaks down recommended projects into high-, medium- and low-priority levels. It also recommends that the town budget $10,000 for emergency projects. One of the higher-priority projects is an estimated $17,000 effort to remove heavy sediment and debris from 130 feet of pipe on Poplar Avenue. Mayor Elizabeth Brekhus asked staff if officials should be concerned this would cause flooding if it isn’t taken care of. Simonitch said there is a concern, but there is funding to take care of the high-priority projects this year. Brekhus said she read a news report that more communities have to start thinking about flood preparedness. “So I feel like for an area like this where they have flooding, they really need to be worried,” she said. Adrian Rodriguez covers San Rafael and the Ross Valley. Pinellas County Superintendent outlines goals for school yearPINELLAS COUNTY, Fla. (Tampa Bay Now) - Students all over the Tampa Bay Area went back to school! It was a day full of excitement at East Lake Middle School and as parents sent their students back to school, they hope this school year is more focused on education than politics. It's that time of year again when you can hear the sound of buses driving by, dropping of students for the first day of school. For parents and students, it's an exciting day. "I'm excited that all three of my kids are going back to school," said Tom Goodlet, a Pinellas County parent. Some are excited for classes. "She really wants to learn about programming, so she is excited to learn about that," said Gilmar Alvany, another parent. Some are happy to see familiar faces again. "I know they are happy to be in person with their friends, they are happy they are able to do that," said Goodlet. Some are excited to hear the sound of the East Lake High School band play once more. "It's just a great great day," said Kevin Hendrick, Pinellas County Schools Superintendent. Hendrick says his goal for this school year is to continue increasing test scores and educating students. He says another focus is the teacher shortage that's been impacting districts all over the country. "Today as they start school, they will have a certified teacher in every classroom. They pull from the district office, they pull others out but they keep recruiting. It's something they are going to have to focus on for the next decade," he said. With recent legislation banning certain books in classrooms and controversy over whether teachers should teach AP Psychology and African American Studies in the state, superintendent Hendrick says he hopes this school year goes much smoother than last. "Let's keep the politics out of the classroom, so they tried to really educate their staff on what those rules say and whatever those new laws are," he said. And as the school year kicks off, Goodlet has one message for educators. "I appreciate the resilience, especially the teachers. I know they have had ups and downs the last few years so they are grateful," he said. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug