Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : Qlik-Sense-System-Administrator
Exam Name : Qlik Sense System Administrator Certification
Vendor Name : Qlik
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Qlik-Sense-System-Administrator exam Format | Qlik-Sense-System-Administrator Course Contents | Qlik-Sense-System-Administrator Course Outline | Qlik-Sense-System-Administrator exam Syllabus | Qlik-Sense-System-Administrator exam Objectives


Exam Name: Qlik Sense System Administrator Certification
Provider: Pearson VUE (Qliks official testing partner)
Format: Multiple-choice, performance-based questions
Duration: ~60 minutes
Passing Score: Typically around 70%

I. Qlik Sense Enterprise Architecture and Components (Approx. 15-20%)

- Understanding the Qlik Sense Enterprise on Windows architecture.
- Identifying and describing the function of key components.
- Understanding the communication flow between components.
- Deployment scenarios (single-node, multi-node).
- Scalability considerations.
- Disaster recovery planning concepts.

- Qlik Sense Service Dispatcher (QSD): Entry point for all client and inter-service communication.
- Qlik Sense Engine (QIX): In-memory calculation engine, handles data loading, transformations, and calculations.
- Qlik Sense Repository Service (QRS): Central repository storing configuration data, security rules, and application metadata.
- Qlik Sense Proxy Service (QPS): Handles user authentication, authorization, session management, and load balancing.
- Qlik Sense Scheduler Service (QSS): Manages scheduled reloads of Qlik Sense applications.
- Qlik Sense Printing Service (QPR): Enables printing of Qlik Sense visualizations and reports.
- Shared Persistence: Centralized storage for Qlik Sense configuration and application files in a multi-node environment.
- Central Node: The primary node in a multi-node deployment hosting the QRS and often other services.
- Worker Node: Additional nodes in a multi-node deployment primarily hosting the Engine service for scalability.
- Load Balancing: Distributing user sessions and application processing across multiple Proxy and Engine services.
- High Availability (HA): Configuring the environment to minimize downtime in case of component failures.
- Disaster Recovery (DR): Strategies and procedures for restoring Qlik Sense functionality after a major outage.
- Virtual Proxy: Configuration within the QPS to define authentication methods, session timeouts, and other access parameters for specific user groups or access points.
- License Enabler File (LEF): Contains licensing information for the Qlik Sense environment.

II. Installation and Configuration (Approx. 15-20%)

- Planning and preparing for Qlik Sense Enterprise on Windows installation.
- Performing single-node and multi-node installations.
- Configuring Qlik Sense services.
- Managing Qlik Sense certificates.
- Configuring network settings.
- Initial system setup and verification.

- Prerequisites: Software and hardware requirements for Qlik Sense installation.
- Setup Wizard: Graphical interface for installing Qlik Sense components.
- Custom Setup: Option to select specific Qlik Sense components for installation.
- Service Account: Windows account under which Qlik Sense services run.
- Qlik Management Console (QMC): Web-based administration interface for managing Qlik Sense Enterprise.
- Certificates: Digital files used to secure communication between Qlik Sense components and clients (e.g., SSL/TLS).
- Root CA Certificate: The top-level certificate in a certificate chain.
- Machine Certificate: Certificate specific to a Qlik Sense server.
- Firewall Rules: Network configurations that control inbound and outbound traffic.
- Ports: Network communication endpoints used by Qlik Sense services (e.g., 443, 4747).
- Repository Database: PostgreSQL database used by the QRS to store metadata.
- Shared Network Folder: Central location for storing Qlik Sense applications and other shared resources in a multi-node environment.

III. Security and Access Control (Approx. 20-25%)


- Understanding the Qlik Sense security model.
- Configuring authentication and authorization.
- Managing users and groups.
- Implementing security rules.
- Auditing security-related events.
- Integrating with identity providers (e.g., Active Directory, LDAP, SAML).
- Authentication: Verifying the identity of a user.
- Authorization: Determining what actions a user is allowed to perform.
- Users: Individual accounts that can access Qlik Sense.
- Groups: Collections of users for simplified management of permissions.
- Security Rules: Granular controls that define access to resources (apps, streams, objects) and actions (read, export, publish) based on user attributes, groups, and context.

- Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC): Security model where access decisions are based on attributes of the user, resource, and environment.
- Sections Access: Mechanism within Qlik Sense applications to control data visibility for different user groups (data reduction).
- Audit Logging: Recording system events, including security-related actions, for monitoring and troubleshooting.
- Identity Provider (IdP): System that manages and authenticates user identities (e.g., Active Directory, Okta).
- Single Sign-On (SSO): Allowing users to log in once and access multiple applications without re-authenticating.
- SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language): An XML-based open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, particularly between an identity provider and a service provider.  
- LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol): A protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services.  
- Active Directory (AD): Microsoft's directory service used for managing users, groups, and other network objects.
- Claims: Pieces of information about a user that are asserted by an identity provider.

IV. Content Management (Approx. 15-20%)

- Importing and exporting Qlik Sense applications.
- Managing streams and apps within the QMC.
- Publishing and unpublishing applications.
- Managing application reloads and schedules.
- Understanding application lifecycle management.
- Version control concepts for Qlik Sense applications.

- QVF: File extension for Qlik Sense applications.
- Export: Creating a package of a Qlik Sense application (including data and metadata).
- Import: Loading a Qlik Sense application package into the environment.
- Stream: A container in the QMC used to organize and control access to published applications.
- App: A Qlik Sense document containing data connections, data models, and visualizations.
- Publish: Making an application available to authorized users through a specific stream.
- Unpublish: Removing a published application from a stream, making it unavailable to users.

- Reload: The process of refreshing the data in a Qlik Sense application from its data sources.
- Schedule: Configuring automated reloads of Qlik Sense applications at specific times or intervals.
- Task: An object in the QMC that defines a specific operation, such as a reload or an export.
- Chained App Reload: Configuring one app reload to trigger another app reload upon completion.
- Application Lifecycle Management (ALM): Processes and tools used to manage the development, testing, and deployment of Qlik Sense applications.
- Version Control: System for tracking changes to Qlik Sense applications over time.

V. System Monitoring and Troubleshooting (Approx. 15-20%)

- Monitoring the health and performance of Qlik Sense services.
- Reviewing system logs.
- Identifying and resolving common issues.
- Performing basic performance tuning.
- Utilizing monitoring tools within Qlik Sense and external tools.
- Understanding alert mechanisms.

- Qlik Management Console (QMC): Provides monitoring dashboards and log viewers.
- Qlik Sense Monitor: Dedicated application for real-time monitoring of Qlik Sense services.
- Service Status: Indicator of the operational state of each Qlik Sense service.
- System Logs: Records of events and activities within the Qlik Sense environment (e.g., Engine logs, Proxy logs, Repository logs).
- Performance Counters: Metrics that provide insights into system resource utilization (e.g., CPU, memory, disk I/O).

- Troubleshooting: The process of identifying and resolving problems.
- Error Messages: Indications of issues or failures within the system.
- Alerts: Notifications triggered by specific system events or performance thresholds.
- Performance Tuning: Optimizing system configurations and application design to Boost responsiveness and efficiency.
- Session Monitoring: Tracking active user sessions and their resource consumption.
- Task Monitoring: Reviewing the status and logs of scheduled and on-demand tasks.

VI. Upgrading and Patching (Approx. 5-10%)

- Understanding the Qlik Sense upgrade process.
- Planning and preparing for upgrades.
- Performing in-place and side-by-side upgrades.
- Applying patches and hotfixes.
- Rolling back upgrades (if necessary).

- In-Place Upgrade: Upgrading the existing Qlik Sense installation to a newer version.
- Side-by-Side Upgrade: Installing a new Qlik Sense environment alongside the existing one and migrating content.
- Patch: A software update that addresses specific issues or vulnerabilities.
- Hotfix: A small, targeted update to address a critical issue.
- Upgrade Checklist: A list of steps to perform before, during, and after an upgrade.
- Backup: Creating copies of Qlik Sense configuration and application files before performing any upgrades or changes.
- Rollback: Reverting the Qlik Sense environment to a previous state.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug