Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der RNC-OB: Inpatient Obstetric Nursing Prüfung.

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RNC OB : Inpatient Obstetric Nursing (OB) test MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : RNC-OB
Exam Name : Inpatient Obstetric Nursing (OB)
Vendor Name : NCC
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RNC-OB test Format | RNC-OB Course Contents | RNC-OB Course Outline | RNC-OB test Syllabus | RNC-OB test Objectives

Exam Code: RNC-OB
Exam Name: NCC Inpatient Obstetric Nursing
Exam Type: Computer-based, multiple-choice questions
Number of Questions: 175 questions (150 scored, 25 unscored pretest questions)
Time Allotted: 3 hours
Passing Score: Scaled score of 700 (on a scale of 300-900)

- Maternal/Birthing Person Complications Affecting the Fetus and Newborn
- Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
- Chronic
- Gestational
- Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
- Superimposed Preeclampsia
- HELLP syndrome
- Diabetes
- Preexisting (Type I and Type II)
- Gestational
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Maternal/Birthing Person Cardiac Disease/Anomalies
- Infectious Diseases
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea
- Herpes
- HIV infection
- Human papilloma virus/Dysplasias
- Syphilis
- Viral infections (e.g. influenza, COVID)
- Bacterial infections (e.g. group B Streptococcus, UTI/Pyelonephritis)
- Hematologic Disorders
- Anemia
- Thrombocytopenia/Thrombophilia
- Hemolytic disease
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- Rh incompatibility
- Sickle cell disease
- Respiratory Disorders
- Asthma
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary embolism
- Liver Disorders
- Acute fatty liver
- Cholelithiasis
- Cholestasis
- Obesity -Bariatric surgery
- Connective Tissue Disorders
- Thyroid Disorders
- Hyperemesis Gravidarum
- Genetics

- Maternal/Birthing Person Psychosocial & Environmental Factors
- Mental Health Disorders
- Anxiety
- Depression
- ADHD
- Bipolar
- Schizophrenia
- Substance Use Disorder
- Alcohol
- Tobacco/Nicotine/Vaping
- Drugs
- Cocaine
- Subutex/Suboxone
- Over the counter/prescription
- Heroin
- Methadone
- Methamphetamine
- Marijuana
- Fentanyl
- Other Drugs/Substances
- Abuse/Intimate Partner Violence
- Environmental -Toxic waste
- Mercury
- Lead

- Preterm Labor
- Risk Factors
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Management
- Fetal Neuroprotection (Magnesium Sulfate)
- Antenatal Steroids
- Tocolysis
- Cerclage
- Fetal and neonatal complications

- Multiple Gestation
- Monozygotic and Dizygotic
- Dichorionic/Dichorionic
- Monochorionic/Dichorionic
- Monochorionic/Monoamniotic
- Associated Risks and Complications

- Placental Disorders
- Placental Abruption
- Placenta Previa
- Vasa Previa
- Placental Insufficiency
- Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) Disorders

- Antenatal Testing
- Ultrasound
- Assessment of Fetal Growth
- Non-Stress Testing
- Biophysical and Modified Biophysical Profile
- Amniocentesis
- Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Sampling (PUBS)/ Cordocentesis
- Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) and AFP
- Umbilical Artery Doppler Flow Studies

- Electronic Fetal Monitoring
- NICHD Terminology
- Category I, II, III
- Baseline
- Variability
- Accelerations
- Decelerations
- Sinusoidal pattern
- Uterine activity (normal, tachysystole)
- Dysrhythmias
- Artifact
- Signal ambiguity
- Intrauterine Resuscitation

- Non-Electronic Monitoring
- Auscultation/Doppler
- Palpation

- Acid-Base Interpretation
- Cord blood gas evaluation
- Fetal stimulation
- Vibroacoustic
- Scalp

- Physiology of Labor
- Characteristics of True Labor
- Uteroplacental Physiology
- Maternal Physiology

- Assessment and Management of Labor
- General Assessment -Physical test (Initial/Ongoing) General Abdominal Vaginal
- Psychosocial
- Stages of Labor (First, Second, Third)
- Characteristics
- Nursing care and interventions
- Promotion of physiologic birth
- Labor Curves
- Labor dysfunction/dystocia (Prolonged, Precipitous)
- Maternal, fetal, and neonatal implications

- Obstetrical and Perioperative Procedures
- Version -Indications and contraindications -Complications -Nursing responsibilities
- Episiotomy -Indications and contraindications -Complications -Nursing responsibilities
- Forceps/vacuum extraction
- Indications and contraindications
- Complications
- Nursing responsibilities
- Cesarean birth
- Indications and contraindications
- Types
- Complications
- Post-anesthesia care
- Nursing responsibilitie
- Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Birth (TOLAC)
- Indications and contraindications
- Complications
- Nursing interventions /support
- Vaginal Breech deliveries
- Vaginal Twin Delivery
- Amnioinfusion

- Pain Management and Coping
- Non-pharmacologic methods
- Relaxation/Aromatherapy
- Breathing
- Positioning
- Coaching
- Hydrotherapy
- Peanut ball/Birthing ball
- TENS unit
- Pharmacological methods
- Systemic
- Nitrous Oxide
- Narcotics
- Sedatives
- Complications
-Regional
- Epidural
- Spinal
- Combined spinal & epidural
- Complications
- General Anesthesia
- Complications
- Nursing responsibilities

- Labor and Obstetric Complications (Nursing management/ intervention)
- Malposition or malpresentation
- Nursing interventions
- Shoulder dystocia
- Maternal/Fetal implications
- Uterine Rupture
- Problems associated with umbilical cord
- Velamentous cord insertion
- Prolapsed cord
- Problems associated with Amniotic Fluid
- Polyhydramnios
- Oligohydramnios
- Rupture of membranes
- Prelabor (preterm)
- Term
- Post term
- Prolonged
- Meconium
- Amniotic fluid embolism (Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy)
- Suspected Chorioamnionitis/Chorioamnionitis
- Sepsis in the Intrapartum Period
- Prolonged Pregnancy
- Definition/risks
- Management
- Fetal and neonatal complications
- Perinatal Loss
- Associated risks and complications
- Management of peri-viability/compatibility with life
- Maternal Morbidity and Mortality

- Induction and Augmentation
- Induction of labor/Cervical Ripening
- Indications and contraindications
- Cervical Readiness (Bishop Score)
- Methods Prostaglandins Mechanical
- Balloon Catheter
- Oxytocin Infusion Amniotomy
-Nursing management and interventions
- Complications

- Recovery and Postpartum Physiology and Complications
- Physiological changes
- Reproductive system
- Other organ systems
- Nursing care of the postpartum patient
- Rh immune globulin
- Involution
- Pain Management
- Perineal test (e.g. Lacerations, REEDA)
- Wound care
- Postpartum Complications
- Infection
- Hemorrhage
- Tone
- Tissue
- Trauma
- Traction
- Management (Uterotonics, TXA, Massive
- Transfusion Protocol)
- Thromboembolic
- DVT
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Cardiomyopathy
- Other medical/obstetrical conditions II

- Family Dynamics, Social Determinants of Health, and Discharge Readiness
- Psychosocial/Cultural
- Parent Infant interactions
- Discharge planning and home care
- Contraception
- Patient education
- Self-care
- Warning signs
- Routine neonatal care
- Postpartum Depression Screening
- Bereavement/Grief

- Lactation and Infant Nutrition
- Lactation
- Physiology of lactation
- Nutritional needs during lactation
- Breast/chest feeding techniques
- Complications
- Contraindications to breast/chest feeding
- Care of the non-breast/chest feeding patient
- Infant Nutrition
- Feeding
- Problems/complications

- Newborn Physiology and Complications
- Adaptation to Extrauterine Life (Transition)
- Respiratory changes
- Cardiovascular changes
- Apgar scoring
- Delayed cord clamping
- Thermoregulation
- Skin to skin
- Newborn Assessment
- Physical
- Abnormal findings
- Common congenital anomalies
- Common skin lesions or rashes
- Neural tube defects/Chromosomal abnormalities
- Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
- Large for Gestational Age (LGA)
- Laboratory evaluation
- Thrombocytopenia
- WBC count
- Anemia
- Polycythemia
- ABO incompatibility
- Neurological
- Tone
- Reflexes
- Behavioral states
- Gestational age
- Late preterm infants
- Glucose homeostasis and fluid balance
- Screening (e.g. CHD, Metabolic, Hearing)
- Newborn Resuscitation
- Initial evaluation
- Personnel and equipment
- Indications and techniques
- Indications for transport
- Complications (Initial Assessment/Nursing Interventions)
- Respiratory and cardiovascular emergencies (e.g. Sudden Unexpected Postnatal Collapse)
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Surgical Emergencies
- Infectious diseases
- Group B Streptococcus
- E-coli
- Hepatitis
- Varicella
- Cytometalovirus (CMV)
- Common sexually transmitted infections
- Birth injuries/trauma
- Cephalohematoma
- Caput succedaneum
- Fractures
- Nerve injury
- Subgaleal hemorrhage
- Infant affected by substance use disorder
- Substance-exposed neonate
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Infant of diabetic mother (IDM)
- Legal
- Professional
- Regulation
- Practice
- Staffing issues
- Legal liability
- Consent
- Documentation/medical records
- Negligence/malpractice
- Ethics
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Nonmaleficence
- Justice
- Patient Safety/Quality Improvement
- Communication
- Interprofessional practice
- Perinatal Core Measures
- Maternal Safety Bundles
- Evidence-based practice
- Research Terminology
- Reliability
- Validity
- Significance
- Levels of Evidence
- Research utilization

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug