Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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NBRC RPFT : Registered Pulmonary Function Technologist test Questions, MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : RPFT
Exam Name : Registered Pulmonary Function Technologist
Vendor Name : NBRC
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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RPFT test Format | RPFT Course Contents | RPFT Course Outline | RPFT test Syllabus | RPFT test Objectives

Exam Code: RPFT
Exam Name: Registered Pulmonary Function Technologist
Number of Questions: 120 multiple-choice questions (100 scored, 20 pretest/unscored).
Time Alloted: 3 hours (180 minutes) to complete the exam
Passing Marks: The NBRC uses a scaled scoring system, with a passing score of 75 (on a scale of 0-100).

- Set Up, Maintain, Calibrate
- Body habitus equipment (for example, stadiometer, body weight scale, caliper)
- Blood gas analyzers
- Spirometers
- Aerosol delivery devices (for example, nebulizers, dosimeters)
- Metered dose or dry powder inhalers
- Valves (for example, directional, demand)
- Gas analyzers (for example, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, methane, CO)
- Body plethysmographs
- Practice equipment (for example, treadmill, cycle ergometer)
- Field walking test equipment (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- ECG monitors
- Gas delivery systems (for example, blenders, flowmeters)
- Pressure measuring devices (for example, manometers, transducers)
- Gas and water absorbers (for example, Drierite®, Nafion™, Perma Pure tubing)
- Emergency management equipment (for example, defibrillator, crash cart)
- Arterial / venous blood collection equipment
- Quality control devices (for example, calibration syringes, manometers, isothermal lung analog)
- Infection control materials / methods (for example, wipes, PPE, sterilization devices, filters)
- Monitors
- pulse oximeters
- blood pressure (for example, manual cuff, automated)

- Troubleshoot
- Body habitus equipment (for example, stadiometer, body weight scale, caliper)
- Blood gas analyzers
- Spirometers
- Aerosol delivery devices (for example, nebulizers, dosimeters)
- Metered dose or dry powder inhalers
- Valves (for example, directional, demand)
- Gas analyzers (for example, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, methane, CO)
- Body plethysmographs
- Practice equipment (for example, treadmill, cycle ergometer)
- Field walking test equipment (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- ECG monitors
- Gas delivery systems (for example, blenders, flowmeters)
- Pressure measuring devices (for example, manometers, transducers)
- Gas and water absorbers (for example, Drierite®, Nafion TM, Perma Pure® tubing)
- Emergency management equipment (for example, defibrillator, crash cart)
- Arterial / venous blood collection equipment
- Quality control devices (for example, calibration syringes, manometers, isothermal lung analog)
- Infection control materials / methods (for example, wipes, PPE, sterilization devices, filters)
- Monitors
- pulse oximeters
- blood pressure (for example, manual cuff, automated)

- Perform Quality Control
- Body habitus equipment (for example, stadiometer, body weight scale, caliper)
- Blood gas analyzers (for example, routine testing, proficiency testing)
- Spirometers
- Aerosol delivery devices (for example, nebulizers, dosimeters)
- Metered dose or dry powder inhalers
- Valves (for example, directional, demand)
- Gas analyzers (for example, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, methane, CO)
- Body plethysmographs
- Practice equipment (for example, treadmill, cycle ergometer)
- Field walking test equipment (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)

- Select Test Protocols and Equipment
- Body habitus measurements and estimates (for example, height, arm span, ulnar length, weight)
- Spirometry
- standard
- upright / supine
- Inhaled medication delivery (for example, MDI, DPI, nebulizers)
- Blood sample collection (for example, arterial, capillary)
- Sputum sample collection
- Blood gas analysis (for example, pH, PO2, PCO2)
- CO-oximetry / hemoximetry
- Static lung volumes
- gas dilution methods
- body plethysmography
- DLCO
- Instruction for home testing (for example, spirometry, pulse oximetry)
- Patient education (for example, medication delivery, travel, asthma)
- Oxygen test / titration at rest and / or exercise
- Practice testing
- field walking test (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- monitored (for example, ECG, blood pressure, SpO2)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airway responsiveness
- bronchodilation studies
- bronchial provocation studies (for example, methacholine, exercise, EVH, mannitol)
- Airways resistance / conductance measurements by plethysmography
- Respiratory muscle strength (for example, MIP, MEP, cough peak flow)
- Patient safety (for example, standard precautions, adverse events / incidents, cross contamination)

- Perform the Procedure
- Body habitus measurements and estimates (for example, height, arm span, ulnar length, weight)
- Spirometry
- standard
- upright / supine
- Inhaled medication delivery (for example, MDI, DPI, nebulizers)
- Blood sample collection (for example, arterial, capillary)
- Sputum sample collection
- Blood gas analysis (for example, pH, PO2, PCO2)
- CO-oximetry / hemoximetry
- Static lung volumes
- gas dilution methods
- body plethysmography
- DLCO
- Instruction for home testing (for example, spirometry, pulse oximetry)
- Patient education (for example, medication delivery, travel, asthma)
- Oxygen test / titration at rest and / or exercise
- Practice testing
- field walking test (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- monitored (for example, ECG, blood pressure, SpO2)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airway responsiveness
- bronchodilation studies
- bronchial provocation studies (for example, methacholine, exercise, EVH, mannitol)
- Airways resistance / conductance measurements by plethysmography
- Respiratory muscle strength (for example, MIP, MEP, cough peak flow)
- Patient safety (for example, standard precautions, adverse events / incidents, cross contamination)

- Evaluate Validity of Result
- Body habitus measurements and estimates (for example, height, arm span, ulnar length, weight)
- Spirometry
- standard
- upright / supine
- Inhaled medication delivery (for example, MDI, DPI, nebulizers)
- Blood sample collection (for example, arterial, capillary)
- Sputum sample collection
- Blood gas analysis (for example, pH, PO2, PCO2)
- CO-oximetry / hemoximetry
- Static lung volumes
- gas dilution methods
- body plethysmography
- DLCO
- Instruction for home testing (for example, spirometry, pulse oximetry)
- Patient education (for example, medication delivery, travel, asthma)
- Oxygen test / titration at rest and / or exercise
- Practice testing
- field walking test (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- monitored (for example, ECG, blood pressure, SpO2)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airway responsiveness
- bronchodilation studies
- bronchial provocation studies (for example, methacholine, exercise, EVH, mannitol)
- Airways resistance / conductance measurements by plethysmography
- Respiratory muscle strength (for example, MIP, MEP, cough peak flow)
- Patient safety (for example, standard precautions, adverse events / incidents, cross contamination)

- Calculate Results, Select Reference Ranges and Data
- Blood gas
- CO-oximetry / hemoximetry
- Spirometry
- standard
- upright / supine comparison
- Static lung volumes
- gas dilution
- body plethysmography
- DLCO
- Home testing (for example, spirometry, pulse oximetry)
- Oxygen test / titration at rest and / or exercise
- Practice test
- field walking test (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- monitored (for example, ECG, blood pressure, SpO2)
- Blood pressure monitoring
- ECG analysis (for example, arrhythmia, rate, pattern)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airway responsiveness
- bronchodilation studies
- bronchial provocation studies (for example, methacholine, exercise, EVH, mannitol)
- Airways resistance / conductance measurements by plethysmography
- Respiratory muscle strength (for example, MIP, MEP, cough peak flow)
- Safety data (for example, hand hygiene compliance, event management)
- Quality control procedures (for example, mechanical, biological)
- Serial pulmonary function testing (for example, trending a single patient)
- Clinical history and demographics (for example, age, race, sex, smoking history, medication, clinical indication)
- Laboratory quality management (for example, customer satisfaction, inventory control, standard operating procedures)

- Evaluate Reliability of Results
- Blood gas
- CO-oximetry / hemoximetry
- Spirometry
- standard
- upright / supine comparison
- Static lung volumes
- gas dilution
- body plethysmography
- DLCO
- Home testing (for example, spirometry, pulse oximetry)
- Oxygen test / titration at rest and / or exercise
- Practice test
- field walking test (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- monitored (for example, ECG, blood pressure, SpO2)
- Blood pressure monitoring
- ECG analysis (for example, arrhythmia, rate, pattern)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airway responsiveness
- bronchodilation studies
- bronchial provocation studies (for example, methacholine, exercise, EVH, mannitol)
- Airways resistance / conductance measurements by plethysmography
- Respiratory muscle strength (for example, MIP, MEP, cough peak flow)
- Safety data (for example, hand hygiene compliance, event management)
- Quality control procedures (for example, mechanical, biological)
- Serial pulmonary function testing (for example, trending a single patient)
- Clinical history and demographics (for example, age, race, sex, smoking history, medication, clinical indication)
- Laboratory quality management (for example, customer satisfaction, inventory control, standard operating procedures)

- Evaluate Clinical Implications
- Blood gas
- CO-oximetry / hemoximetry
- Spirometry
- standard
- upright / supine comparison
- Static lung volumes
- gas dilution
- body plethysmography
- DLCO
- Home testing (for example, spirometry, pulse oximetry)
- Oxygen test / titration at rest and / or exercise
- Practice test
- field walking test (for example, 6MWT, shuttle walk test)
- monitored (for example, ECG, blood pressure, SpO2)
- Blood pressure monitoring
- ECG analysis (for example, arrhythmia, rate, pattern)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airway responsiveness
- bronchodilation studies
- bronchial provocation studies (for example, methacholine, exercise, EVH, mannitol)
- Airways resistance / conductance measurements by plethysmography
- Respiratory muscle strength (for example, MIP, MEP, cough peak flow)
- Safety data (for example, hand hygiene compliance, event management)
- Quality control procedures (for example, mechanical, biological)
- Serial pulmonary function testing (for example, trending a single patient)
- Clinical history and demographics (for example, age, race, sex, smoking history, medication, clinical indication)
- Laboratory quality management (for example, customer satisfaction, inventory control, standard operating procedures)

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug