Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : RTRP
Exam Name : Registered Tax Return Preparer
Vendor Name : IRS
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RTRP exam Format | RTRP Course Contents | RTRP Course Outline | RTRP exam Syllabus | RTRP exam Objectives
The Registered Tax Return Preparer Test (RTRP) focuses on the ethical
responsibilities of federal tax return preparers and the completion of the Form 1040
series returns including basic related schedules and forms. The test specifications
below are intended to provide guidance on the content of the RTRP test. The
examples provided within each item are not all inclusive of what may be tested in a
given area. All efforts have been made to develop Dumps based on
general tax rules covered in IRS publications, forms and instructions rather than
exceptions found only in the Internal Revenue Code or Income Tax Regulations.
Domain 1 – Preliminary Work and Collection of Taxpayer Data
1. Review prior years return for accuracy, comparison, and carryovers for current year return.
2. Collect taxpayers biographical information (e.g., date of birth, age, marital status, citizenship, dependents).
3. Determine filing status.
4. Determine all sources of taxable and non-taxable income (e.g., wages, interest, business, sale of property, dividends, rental income, income from flow-through
entities, alimony, government payments, and pension distributions).
5. Determine applicable adjustments to gross income (e.g., self-employed health
insurance, self-employment tax, student loan interest deduction, alimony paid,
tuition, and fees deduction).
6. Determine standard deduction and Schedule A itemized deductions (e.g., state and
local tax, real estate tax, cash contributions, non-cash contributions, unreimbursed
employee expense, medical expense, and mortgage interest).
7. Determine applicable credits (e.g., Earned Income Tax Credit, child tax credit,
education, retirement savings, dependent and childcare credit).
8. Understand tax payments (e.g., withholding, estimated payments).
9. Recognize items that will affect future returns (e.g., carryovers, depreciation).
10. Determine special filing requirements (e.g., presidentially declared disaster areas).
11. Determine filing requirements (including extensions and amended returns).
12. Understand due dates, including extensions.
13. Determine personal exemptions, including dependents.
14. Determine qualifying child/relative tests for Earned Income Credit.
Domain 2 – Treatment of Income and Assets
A. Income
1. Taxability of wages, salaries, tips, and other earnings (e.g., W-2 Wage and Tax Statement, cash).
2. Interest income (taxable and non-taxable) (e.g., Schedule B and 1099-INT).
3. Dividend income (e.g., Schedule B and 1099-DIV).
4. Self-employment income and expenses (e.g., Schedule C Profit or Loss From Business and Form 1099-MISC Miscellaneous Income, cash).
5. Rental income and expenses (e.g., Schedule E Supplemental Income and Loss).
6. Identification of forgiveness of debt as income (including Form 1099-C Cancellation of Debt).
7. Other income (e.g., alimony, barter income, hobby income, non-taxable combat pay, state income tax refund from prior years, prizes).
B. Retirement income
1. Reporting requirements of Social Security benefits (e.g., Form SSA-1099 Social Security Benefit Statement).
2. Taxable distribution from an IRA including basis in an IRA (e.g., Form 8606 Non-deductible IRAs).
3. Distributions from qualified plans (e.g., 401k, IRA, Roth IRA).
4. Required minimum distributions from retirement plans.
C. Property, real and personal
1. Short-term and long-term capital gains and losses (e.g., Schedule D Capital
Gains and Losses, Form 1099-B Proceeds from Broker and Barter Exchange
Transactions).
2. Determination of basis of assets (e.g., purchased, gifted, or inherited).
3. Sale of non-business assets (gains or losses).
4. Sale of a principal residence (e.g., IRC 121 exclusions, 1099S Proceeds From
Real Estate Transactions).
D. Adjustments to income
1. Self-employment tax (e.g., Schedule SE Self-Employment Tax).
2. Tuition and fees (e.g., Form 8917 Tuition and Fees Deduction, Form 1098T
Tuition Statement).
3. Eligible Moving expenses (e.g., Form 3903 Moving Expenses).
4. Other adjustments to income (e.g., IRA contribution deduction).
Domain 3 – Deductions and Credits
A. Itemized deductions
1. Medical and dental expenses.
2. State, local, and real estate taxes.
3. Mortgage interest expense (e.g., Form 1098 Mortgage Interest Statement).
4. Charitable contributions (e.g., cash, non-cash, Form 8283 Non-Cash Charitable
Contributions).
5. Miscellaneous itemized deductions (including deductions subject to 2% AGI
Limit).
6. Employee travel, transportation, education, and entertainment expenses (e.g.,
Form 2106-EZ and Form 2106 Unreimbursed Employee Business Expenses).
B. Credits
1. Child and dependent care credit (e.g., Form 2441 Child and Dependent Care
Expenses).
2. Child Tax Credit and Additional Child Tax Credit (e.g., Form 8812,
Additional Child Tax Credit).
3. Education credits (e.g., Form 8863 Education Credits (American Opportunity
and Lifetime Learning Credits), Form 1098T Tuition Statement).
4. Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) (e.g., Schedule EIC Earned Income Credit,
Form 8867 Paid Preparers Earned Income Credit Checklist).
5. Retirement savings contribution credit (e.g., Form 8880 Credit for Qualified
Retirement Savings Contributions).
Domain 4 – Other Taxes
1. Alternative Minimum Tax (e.g., Form 6251 Alternative Minimum Tax).
2. Early distributions from retirement plans (e.g., Form 5329 Additional Tax on
Qualified Plans).
3. Self-employment tax (e.g., Schedule SE Self-Employment Tax).
4. Unreported Social Security and Medicare tax (e.g., Form 4137 Social Security and
Medicare Tax on Unreported Tip Income).
5. Repayment of first-time homebuyer credit (including Form 5405 First-Time
Homebuyer Credit and Repayment of the Credit).
Domain 5 – Completion of the Filing Process
1. Check return for completeness and accuracy.
2. Explain and review tax return.
3. Explain record-keeping requirements to the taxpayer.
4. Discuss significance of signatures (e.g., joint and several liability, penalty of
perjury, Form 8879 IRS e-file Signature Authorization).
5. Understand tax preparer's responsibilities related to rejected electronic returns.
6. Understand timeframe for submitting electronic returns (e.g., Form 8879 taxpayer
signature and date prior to submission).
7. Understand payment options (e.g., check, direct debit, EFTPS, credit card,
installment agreement-Form 9465).
8. Understand estimated tax payment requirements (e.g., potential for penalties,
Form 1040-ES Estimated Tax).
9. Understand refund options (e.g., Form 8888 Allocation of Refund).
Domain 6 – Practices and Procedures
1. Penalties to be assessed by the IRS against a preparer for negligent or intentional
disregard of rules and regulations, and for a willful understatement of liability
(e.g., IRC 6694(a), IRC 6694(b)).
2. Appropriate use of Form 8867 Paid Preparers Earned Income Credit Checklist and
related penalty for failure to exercise due diligence (e.g., IRC 6695(g)).
3. Furnishing a copy of a return to a taxpayer (e.g., IRC 6695(a)).
4. Signing returns and furnishing identifying (PTIN) numbers (e.g., IRC 6695(b),
IRC 6695(c)).
5. Rules for the return preparer for keeping copies and/or lists of returns prepared
(e.g., IRC 6695(d)).
6. Compliance with e-file procedures (e.g., timing of taxpayer signature, timing of
filing, recordkeeping, prohibited filing with pay stub).
7. Completion and use of Form 2848 Power of Attorney and Declaration of
Representative and Form 8821 Tax Information Authorization.
8. Safeguarding taxpayer information (e.g., Publication 4600 Safeguarding Taxpayer
Information, Quick Reference Guide for Business, IRC 7216).
Domain 7 – Ethics
Circular 230 Subparts A, B, and C (excluding D, E), covering courses including, but not
limited to, the following:
1. Preparers due diligence for accuracy of representations made to clients and IRS;
reliance on third-party work products (Circular 230, section 10.22).
2. What constitutes practice before the IRS and categories of individuals who may
practice (Circular 230, sections 10.2(a)(4) and 10.3).
3. Limits on practice by a registered tax return preparer (Circular 230, section
10.3(f)).
4. Requirement to furnish information to IRS upon request (Circular 230, section
10.20).
5. Prompt disposition of matters before the IRS (Circular 230, section 10.23).
6. Prohibition on receiving assistance from or providing assistance to disciplined
practitioners (Circular 230, section 10.24).
7. Rules regarding fees, including contingent fees (Circular 230, section 10.27).
8. Rules in dealing with clients, including return of client records, conflicts of interest,
advising on omissions and errors, solicitation (including advertising), and
negotiation of taxpayer refund checks (Circular 230, sections 10.21, 10.28, 10.29,
10.30, and 10.31).
9. Due diligence standards with respect to tax returns and other documents;
standards for signing, advising positions on returns and advising submissions of
other documents; advising on penalties; good faith reliance on client information;
reasonable questions regarding incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect information
(Circular 230, sections 10.34 and 10.35).
10. Responsibility of individual(s) who have principal authority over a firms tax
practices (Circular 230, section 10.36).
11. Incompetence and disreputable conduct that can result in disciplinary proceedings
(Circular 230, sections 10.51 and 10.52).
12. Sanctions that may be imposed under Circular 230 (Circular 230, sections 10.50
and 10.60).
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IRS Registered Practice Test
Taxpayers no longer have to fear the IRS knocking on their doors. IRS is ending practice.People no longer have to fear IRS agents will drop by unannounced because the agency said Monday it’s ending that practice, effective immediately, to help ensure the safety of its employees and taxpayers. The change reverses a decades-long practice by IRS Revenue Officers, the unarmed agency employees whose duties include visiting households and businesses to help taxpayers resolve their account balances by collecting unpaid taxes and unfiled tax returns. Instead, people will receive mailed letters to schedule meetings, except in a few rare circumstances. “These visits created extra anxiety for taxpayers already wary of potential scam artists,” IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel said in a statement. “At the same time, the uncertainty around what IRS employees faced when visiting these homes created stress for them as well. This is the right thing to do and the right time to end it.” Will this hamper IRS tax collection?No. With extra money from the Inflation Reduction Act, the IRS will have more staff to do compliance work and chase high-income earners avoiding taxes, Werfel said. “Improved analytics will also help IRS compliance efforts focus on those with the most serious tax issues,” Werfel said. “We have the tools they need to successfully collect revenue without adding stress with unannounced visits. The only losers with this change in policy are scammers posing as the IRS.” The move will also protect IRS employees, who have felt more under attack in accurate years. “The safety of IRS employees is of paramount importance and this decision will help protect those whose jobs have only grown more dangerous in accurate years because of false, inflammatory rhetoric about the agency and its workforce,” said Tony Reardon, National President of the National Treasury Employees Union. Ethan Miller checks the IRS website while working on his taxes at home in Silver Spring, Md., Friday, Jan., 21, 2022. Tax filing season starts Monday and people can expect the task to be more cumbersome than usual this year thanks to an overloaded and understaffed IRS workforce and new complications from pandemic-related programs. IRS scams: You may soon get an IRS letter promising unclaimed tax refunds. It's a scam. What will happen now?If IRS agents need to meet with you, you’ll receive in the mail an appointment letter, known as a 725-B, and schedule a follow-up meeting and allow taxpayers to feel more prepared with necessary documents in hand when it is time to meet. This will help taxpayers resolve issues more quickly and eliminate the burden of multiple future meetings, the agency said. Only on the rare occasion will IRS agents have to come unannounced. For example, when there's a summons, subpoenas or sensitive enforcement activities involving the seizure of assets, especially those at risk of being placed beyond the reach of the government. To put this in perspective, the IRS said these types of situations typically arise less than a few hundred times each year – a small fraction compared to the tens of thousands of unannounced visits that typically occurred annually under the old policy, it said. Medora Lee is a money, markets, and personal finance reporter at USA TODAY. You can reach her at mjlee@usatoday.com and subscribe to their free Daily Money newsletter for personal finance tips and business news every Monday through Friday morning. This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: IRS ends unannounced visits to keep taxpayers safe and scammers away How to Find a CPA Near YouThere are many tax pros out there ready to help with an annual return, tax planning and more. But it can be hard to know whom to trust with your most sensitive information. Certified public accountants (CPAs) are a common type of credentialed accounting professional whom you might encounter in your search for tax prep help. Here’s more on what a CPA does and how to find one in your area. How can a CPA help you with taxes? A CPA who prepares and files income taxes typically possesses a deep knowledge and understanding of tax law and should be aware of any critical tax changes affecting your situation and how to navigate them. They’ll work with you to file your federal and state tax returns, make sure you are taking advantage of any tax credits and deductions you’re eligible for, and sign off on your return once complete. Some CPAs also provide tax-planning services to help you optimize your finances and take advantage of tax strategies year-round. CPAs are granted what the IRS calls “unlimited representation rights[0] .” This means they can work with taxpayers on any tax issue and represent them in front of the agency in cases of audits, appeals, or payment and collection issues. Not all tax preparers have this privilege.How to find a CPA near you 1. Narrow your search Typing “CPA near me” into Google can take all of two seconds, but contending with the quality of information you see can be overwhelming. Here are a few tips to narrow down your search. Check the IRS directory: The IRS maintains a robust database that taxpayers can use to find tax preparers near them, including CPAs. You can filter by location, last name and what kind of pro you want. Review online directories: Professional tax and accounting associations are great starting points for CPA research. Some organizations may not have publicly available directories, requiring more email and outreach work on your part. Still, it could be worth the effort, especially if you want to find a pro whose specific experiences, background and knowledge meet your needs. Some notable tax and accounting associations include: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Association of Latino Professionals in Finance and Accounting (ALPFA). National Association of Tax Professionals (NATP). National Society of Black Certified Public Accountants (NSBCPA). National Society of Enrolled Agents (NAEA). The International Society of Filipinos in Finance and Accounting (ISFFA). Many state-run CPA societies also have directories. The AICPA compiled a list for easy browsing. Get referrals: It can also be beneficial to ask around when it comes to looking for a new CPA. Colleagues or friends might be able to provide you with guidance and firsthand reviews of people they’ve worked with. Ask your financial institution for a recommendation: Don’t forget to leverage any existing financial networks you have when searching for a CPA. Your bank, financial advisor or even your workplace might have resources in place to assist you in your search. 2. Verify their credentials Digging into someone’s records might seem like extra work, but doing so can help you uncover potential red flags, such as a lapsed license or any disciplinary actions taken against them. It can also protect you from working with what the IRS calls “ghost preparers” — unlicensed scammers who claim to be CPAs. Here are a few ways to ensure your CPA’s info is on the up and up. Review their standing and license: Having a PTIN is one matter. You’ll also want to check that the CPA has a clean record and is licensed to practice in your state. The National Association of State Boards of Accountancy’s CPA Verify tool is just one resource to help you get a quick overview of a CPA’s licensing and history. Your state’s accountancy board can also provide more details about a pro’s credentials. Ask if they’re insured: Mistakes happen. Professional liability insurance is a type of insurance that can help protect both the CPA and the customer if a dispute arises[0] . Asking if your pro, or the agency or firm they work for, carries this type of insurance could also add some peace of mind to your experience.Track your finances A NerdWallet account is the smartest way to track your savings, credit cards, and investments together in one place. 3. Make sure they’re a good fit You wouldn’t want to work with anyone without having asked them at least a few basic questions about their process and how they’ll work with you. After all, you want to make sure you’re on the same page with the person who is going to handle your personal financial documents. Asking a few questions can also help you to gauge if the CPA is the right person for the job. Do you specialize in a specific area of taxation? How much experience do you have? How will you let me know when my return is ready? Can I come to you with tax questions outside of tax season? Can you provide other types of tax advice or tax planning? How do I contact you if I have any questions? How will you transmit my refund? 4. Review their fees How much does a CPA cost? Well, that depends, but you can generally expect to pay more when working with a CPA compared with a general tax preparer. Some popular fee structures include: A flat fee that can be scaled up or down depending on the complexity of the return. A set fee for each form that is required to complete your return. Others may do away with flat fees altogether and charge an hourly rate. For CPAs who charge according to form type, a 2022 survey by Drake Software found that the average charge for a basic, nonitemized 1040 was $265. Itemized returns were slightly more expensive, with an average fee of $319, and returns featuring Schedule C for business income averaged $442[0] . Pricing can also depend on where in the country you’re located and how busy your CPA is. Don’t forget to ask about state return fees as well.Regardless of how your CPA structures their payments, they should never charge you based on the size of your refund[0] . If a tax pro claims their fee will depend on how much you get back from the IRS, that’s a surefire sign that you might not be working with someone trustworthy.5. Do a final check Finally, you’ll want to ask the following questions as a final form of assurance and insurance. Q: Will you sign my return? A: All tax preparers, including CPAs, should always sign a return and include their PTIN. Q: Can you represent me in an audit? A: CPAs have unlimited representation rights, so they can go to the IRS on your behalf to represent you for things such as audits or other tax issues. A: They should. The IRS says that anyone preparing more than 11 tax returns needs to e-file[0] . It’s also faster and allows the IRS to process your return (and refund) more efficiently. If a CPA answers “no” to this question, they may not have as many customers as they claim.Other types of tax preparers If someone holds a CPA title, it’s a pretty good sign they’ve got some experience, but CPAs aren’t the only pros who can help you get your taxes done. CPAs tend to be pricier than other types of tax pros because of their level of experience and education, but depending on your needs, another type of tax pro can also do the job. So whom can you trust? The IRS grants two other types of pros unlimited practice and representation rights: Enrolled agents: An enrolled agent (EA) is an individual who has passed a rigorous three-part IRS exam called the Special Enrollment exam that tests for competency in individual tax and business preparation, as well as representation, practices and procedures related to tax filing. EAs must also complete 72 hours of coursework from an IRS-sanctioned vendor every three years to maintain their status[0] . A former IRS employee can also be given an EA credential.Tax attorneys: A tax lawyer is a licensed law professional who has passed the bar exam and practices in taxation. Tax attorneys might also hold CPAs or another accounting degree. There are also other tax preparers who may not hold these particular credentials but who have other types of educational training. For example, individuals who participate in the IRS’ Annual Filing Season Program are required to complete 18 hours of continuing education per year, including hours on ethics and a refresher course[0] . Note, however, that they are only granted limited representation rights. This means that unlike CPAs, attorneys and EAs, they can’t represent you in all cases and won’t be able to work on behalf of clients when it comes to appeals or collections.Do you need a CPA for your taxes? There’s no golden rule about when (or if it's necessary) to graduate from a do-it-yourself approach to working with a CPA. Some people may never need anything more than quality tax-prep software or another type of tax preparer to complete their annual returns. This could be especially true if your tax situation is pretty simple or you feel reasonably confident about your taxes. There are also free options: People who earn less than a certain amount each year may qualify for IRS Free File or another type of free service. Calling in a CPA could make sense if you have complicated questions or need extra help. Certain life events — such as marriage, divorce, death, retirement, a home purchase or working with new types of investments — can make filing taxes more complex. Working with a pro could be the way to go if you need help navigating those events. Many small-business owners often choose to work with CPAs because of the nuance required to fill out their returns. Some people also prefer to work with CPAs simply for the ability to ask questions face to face. The bottom line? It ultimately comes down to your preference and comfort in navigating the tax world. Frequently asked questionsWhat's the difference between a CPA and a tax preparer? A CPA is a type of credentialed accountant who may specialize in tax preparation and has unlimited representation rights in front of the IRS. Tax preparers are individuals who may or may not be credentialed. Anyone who accepts a form of payment for preparing taxes should at the very least, however, have a preparer tax identification number (PTIN). What’s the difference between a CPA and a tax advisor? A tax advisor is a financial services provider who specializes in managing tax issues, such as working with individuals or businesses on tax minimization strategies. Tax advisors may also assist in the preparation of tax returns, but their range of work is typically more complex. A CPA, on the other hand, is a credentialed accounting professional who might or might not offer tax planning or tax advisory services, depending on their area of expertise. Professionals who might offer tax advisory services include: A CPA or an EA who specializes in tax planning. A financial advisor or wealth planner with tax planning experience. What's the difference between a CPA and a tax preparer? A CPA is a type of credentialed accountant who may specialize in tax preparation and has unlimited representation rights in front of the IRS. Tax preparers are individuals who may or may not be credentialed. Anyone who accepts a form of payment for preparing taxes should at the very least, however, have a preparer tax identification number (PTIN). What’s the difference between a CPA and a tax advisor? A tax advisor is a financial services provider who specializes in managing tax issues, such as working with individuals or businesses on tax minimization strategies . Tax advisors may also assist in the preparation of tax returns, but their range of work is typically more complex. A CPA, on the other hand, is a credentialed accounting professional who might or might not offer tax planning or tax advisory services, depending on their area of expertise. Professionals who might offer tax advisory services include: Taxpayers no longer have to fear the IRS knocking on their doors. IRS is ending practice.People no longer have to fear IRS agents will drop by unannounced because the agency said Monday it’s ending that practice, effective immediately, to help ensure the safety of its employees and taxpayers. The change reverses a decades-long practice by IRS Revenue Officers, the unarmed agency employees whose duties include visiting households and businesses to help taxpayers resolve their account balances by collecting unpaid taxes and unfiled tax returns. Instead, people will receive mailed letters to schedule meetings, except in a few rare circumstances. “These visits created extra anxiety for taxpayers already wary of potential scam artists,” IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel said in a statement. “At the same time, the uncertainty around what IRS employees faced when visiting these homes created stress for them as well. This is the right thing to do and the right time to end it.” Will this hamper IRS tax collection?No. With extra money from the Inflation Reduction Act, the IRS will have more staff to do compliance work and chase high-income earners avoiding taxes, Werfel said. “Improved analytics will also help IRS compliance efforts focus on those with the most serious tax issues,” Werfel said. “We have the tools they need to successfully collect revenue without adding stress with unannounced visits. The only losers with this change in policy are scammers posing as the IRS.” The move will also protect IRS employees, who have felt more under attack in accurate years. “The safety of IRS employees is of paramount importance and this decision will help protect those whose jobs have only grown more dangerous in accurate years because of false, inflammatory rhetoric about the agency and its workforce,” said Tony Reardon, National President of the National Treasury Employees Union. Ethan Miller checks the IRS website while working on his taxes at home in Silver Spring, Md., Friday, Jan., 21, 2022. Tax filing season starts Monday and people can expect the task to be more cumbersome than usual this year thanks to an overloaded and understaffed IRS workforce and new complications from pandemic-related programs. IRS scams: You may soon get an IRS letter promising unclaimed tax refunds. It's a scam. What will happen now?If IRS agents need to meet with you, you’ll receive in the mail an appointment letter, known as a 725-B, and schedule a follow-up meeting and allow taxpayers to feel more prepared with necessary documents in hand when it is time to meet. Story continues This will help taxpayers resolve issues more quickly and eliminate the burden of multiple future meetings, the agency said. Only on the rare occasion will IRS agents have to come unannounced. For example, when there's a summons, subpoenas or sensitive enforcement activities involving the seizure of assets, especially those at risk of being placed beyond the reach of the government. To put this in perspective, the IRS said these types of situations typically arise less than a few hundred times each year – a small fraction compared to the tens of thousands of unannounced visits that typically occurred annually under the old policy, it said. Medora Lee is a money, markets, and personal finance reporter at USA TODAY. You can reach her at mjlee@usatoday.com and subscribe to their free Daily Money newsletter for personal finance tips and business news every Monday through Friday morning. This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: IRS ends unannounced visits to keep taxpayers safe and scammers away |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug