Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : S1000-008
Exam Name : IBM PowerHA SystemMirror V7.2.5 AIX Administrator Specialty
Vendor Name : IBM
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Total MCQs : Check Questions

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S1000-008 test Format | S1000-008 Course Contents | S1000-008 Course Outline | S1000-008 test Syllabus | S1000-008 test Objectives


Number of Questions: Approximately 60-65 questions.
Duration: 90 minutes.
Passing Score: Typically around 65-70%.
Format: Multiple-choice and performance-based questions.

- Planning
- Identify the different ways to design and deploy a PowerHA SystemMirror for AIX, HA or DR solution.
- Create designs that eliminate single points of failure through architectural planning.
- Plan for application availability by identifying required resources and resource groups.

- Configuration and Deployment
- Demonstrate understanding of the configuration requirements.
- Explain the methods used to deploy the solution.

- Cluster Management, Administration and Upgrade
- Perform management on the cluster.
- Perform administrative tasks on the cluster.
- Perform monitoring tasks on the cluster.

- Customization and Troubleshooting
- Describe the options available to customize the cluster beyond the basic configuration.
- Demonstrate the skills necessary to troubleshoot a PowerHA cluster cluster problem.

- Planning and Design
- Understand the architecture and components of IBM PowerHA SystemMirror.
- Identify high-availability requirements for business continuity.
- Plan for resource groups, networks, and storage in a PowerHA environment.
- Design a PowerHA cluster configuration based on business needs.
- Understand the differences between Standard and Enterprise editions of PowerHA.

- Installation and Configuration
- Install and configure IBM PowerHA SystemMirror V7.2.5.
- Configure cluster nodes, networks, and storage.
- Set up resource groups and dependencies.
- Configure IP address takeover (IPAT) and service IP labels.
- Implement and manage tie-breaking mechanisms
- tiebreaker disks
- majority node set
- Configure and manage heartbeat networks.

- Operations and Management
- Start, stop, and manage PowerHA clusters.
- Monitor cluster status and resource groups.
- Perform administrative tasks using SMIT (System Management Interface Tool) and command-line tools.
- Manage cluster events and notifications.
- Perform cluster synchronization and verification.
- Understand and manage cluster logs and diagnostics.

- Troubleshooting and Problem Determination
- Diagnose and resolve common PowerHA issues.
- Analyze cluster logs and error messages.
- Troubleshoot network, storage, and resource group-related problems.
- Use diagnostic tools and utilities to identify and resolve issues.
- Recover from cluster failures and resource group failures.

- Maintenance and Updates
- Apply updates and patches to PowerHA SystemMirror.
- Perform version upgrades and migrations.
- Plan and execute maintenance activities without disrupting cluster operations.
- Backup and restore PowerHA configurations.
- Understand the impact of AIX updates on PowerHA functionality.

- SMIT (System Management Interface Tool): For managing PowerHA configurations.
- clmgr command: For cluster management from the command line.
- Resource groups: Understanding their role in failover and failback.
- Heartbeat networks: Ensuring communication between cluster nodes.
- Tiebreaker mechanisms: Preventing split-brain scenarios.
- IP address takeover (IPAT): Managing IP failover during node failures.

- PowerHA SystemMirror Basics
- High Availability (HA)
- Cluster
- Node: An individual server or system within a PowerHA cluster.
- Resource Group
- Failover
- Fallback

- PowerHA Components
- Cluster Manager
- Communication Interfaces
- heartbeat
- IP aliases
- Tiebreaker
- Shared Storage
- Heartbeat

- Configuration and Management
- Cluster Topology
- IP Aliases
- Resource Monitoring
- Event Scripts
- Cluster Single Point of Control (C-SPOC)

- Disaster Recovery
- Geographic Mirroring
- Synchronization
- Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
- Recovery Time Objective (RTO)

- Troubleshooting and Maintenance
- Cluster Logs
- clstrmgr logs
- Split-Brain Scenario
- Quorum
- Node States

- Security and Compliance
- Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
- Auditing
- Secure Communication

- Performance Optimization
- Load Balancing
- Resource Allocation
- Network Latency

- Key Commands and Tools
- clmgr
- smitty
- cltopinfo
- cllsvg
- clRGinfo



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug