Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : SC-100
Exam Name : Microsoft Cybersecurity Architect
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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SC-100 test Format | SC-100 Course Contents | SC-100 Course Outline | SC-100 test Syllabus | SC-100 test Objectives


Exam Code: SC-100
Exam Name: Microsoft Cybersecurity Architect
Exam Format: Question Types: Multiple-choice, case studies, drag-and-drop, lab exercises.
Number of Questions: ~40-60 (varies).
Duration: 120 minutes (2 hours).
Passing Score: ~700/1000 (exact score not disclosed).
Language: English (other languages may be available).
Skills Measured: Designing and implementing security strategies, Zero Trust architecture, governance, compliance, and threat mitigation.

Design solutions that align with security best practices and priorities (20–25%)
- Design a resiliency strategy for ransomware and other attacks based on Microsoft Security Best Practices
- Design a security strategy to support business resiliency goals, including identifying and prioritizing threats to business-critical assets
- Design solutions for business continuity and disaster recovery (BCDR), including secure backup and restore for hybrid and multicloud environments
- Design solutions for mitigating ransomware attacks, including prioritization of BCDR and privileged access
- Evaluate solutions for security updates
- Design solutions that align with the Microsoft Cybersecurity Reference Architectures (MCRA) and Microsoft cloud security benchmark (MCSB)
- Design solutions that align with best practices for cybersecurity capabilities and controls
- Design solutions that align with best practices for protecting against insider, external, and supply chain attacks
- Design solutions that align with best practices for Zero Trust security, including the Zero Trust Rapid Modernization Plan (RaMP)
- Design solutions that align with the Microsoft Cloud Adoption Framework for Azure and the Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework
- Design a new or evaluate an existing strategy for security and governance based on the Microsoft Cloud Adoption Framework (CAF) for Azure and the Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework
- Recommend solutions for security and governance based on the Microsoft Cloud Adoption Framework for Azure and the Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework
- Design solutions for implementing and governing security by using Azure landing zones
- Design a DevSecOps process that aligns with best practices in the Microsoft Cloud Adoption Framework (CAF)

Design security operations, identity, and compliance capabilities (25–30%)
- Design solutions for security operations
- Design a solution for detection and response that includes extended detection and response (XDR) and security information and event management (SIEM)
- Design a solution for centralized logging and auditing, including Microsoft Purview Audit
- Design monitoring to support hybrid and multicloud environments
- Design a solution for security orchestration automated response (SOAR), including Microsoft Sentinel and Microsoft Defender XDR
- Design and evaluate security workflows, including incident response, threat hunting, and incident management
- Design and evaluate threat detection coverage by using MITRE ATT&CK matrices, including Cloud, Enterprise, Mobile, and industrial control systems (ICS)
- Design solutions for identity and access management
- Design a solution for access to software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), hybrid/on-premises, and multicloud resources, including identity, networking, and application controls
- Design a solution for Microsoft Entra ID, including hybrid and multi-cloud environments
- Design a solution for external identities, including business-to-business (B2B), business-to-customer (B2C), and decentralized identity
- Design a modern authentication and authorization strategy, including Conditional Access, continuous access evaluation, risk scoring, and protected actions
- Validate the alignment of Conditional Access policies with a Zero Trust strategy
- Specify requirements to harden Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)
- Design a solution to manage secrets, keys, and certificates
- Design solutions for securing privileged access
- Design a solution for assigning and delegating privileged roles by using the enterprise access model
- Evaluate the security and governance of Microsoft Entra ID, including Microsoft Entra Privileged Identity Management (PIM), entitlement management, and access reviews
- Evaluate the security and governance of Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), including resilience to common attacks
- Design a solution for securing the administration of cloud tenants, including SaaS and multicloud infrastructure and platforms
- Design a solution for cloud infrastructure entitlement management that includes Microsoft Entra Permissions Management
- Evaluate an access review management solution that includes Microsoft Entra Permissions Management
- Design a solution for Privileged Access Workstation (PAW), including remote access
- Design solutions for regulatory compliance
- Translate compliance requirements into security controls
- Design a solution to address compliance requirements by using Microsoft Purview
- Design a solution to address privacy requirements, including Microsoft Priva
- Design Azure Policy solutions to address security and compliance requirements
- Evaluate and validate alignment with regulatory standards and benchmarks by using Microsoft Defender for Cloud

Design security solutions for infrastructure (25–30%)
- Design solutions for security posture management in hybrid and multicloud environments
- Evaluate security posture by using Microsoft Defender for Cloud, including the Microsoft cloud security benchmark (MCSB)
- Evaluate security posture by using Microsoft Secure Score
- Design integrated security posture management solutions that include Microsoft Defender for Cloud in hybrid and multi-cloud environments
- Select cloud workload protection solutions in Microsoft Defender for Cloud
- Design a solution for integrating hybrid and multicloud environments by using Azure Arc
- Design a solution for Microsoft Defender External Attack Surface Management (Defender EASM)
- Specify requirements and priorities for a posture management process that uses Microsoft Security Exposure Management attack paths, attack surface reduction, security insights, and initiatives
- Specify requirements for securing server and client endpoints
- Specify security requirements for servers, including multiple platforms and operating systems
- Specify security requirements for mobile devices and clients, including endpoint protection, hardening, and configuration
- Specify security requirements for IoT devices and embedded systems
- Evaluate solutions for securing operational technology (OT) and industrial control systems (ICS) by using Microsoft Defender for IoT
- Specify security baselines for server and client endpoints
- Evaluate Windows Local Admin Password Solution (LAPS) solutions
- Specify requirements for securing SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS services
- Specify security baselines for SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS services
- Specify security requirements for IoT workloads
- Specify security requirements for web workloads
- Specify security requirements for containers
- Specify security requirements for container orchestration
- Evaluate solutions that include Azure AI services security
- Evaluate solutions for network security and Security Service Edge (SSE)
- Evaluate network designs to align with security requirements and best practices
- Evaluate solutions that use Microsoft Entra Internet Access as a secure web gateway
- Evaluate solutions that use Microsoft Entra Internet Access for Microsoft Services, including cross-tenant configurations
- Evaluate solutions that use Microsoft Entra Private Access

Design security solutions for applications and data (20–25%)
- Evaluate solutions for securing Microsoft 365
- Evaluate security posture for productivity and collaboration workloads by using metrics, including Microsoft Secure Score
- Evaluate solutions that include Microsoft Defender for Office 365 and Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps
- Evaluate device management solutions that include Microsoft Intune
- Evaluate solutions for securing data in Microsoft 365 by using Microsoft Purview
- Evaluate data security and compliance controls in Microsoft Copilot for Microsoft 365 services
- Design solutions for securing applications
- Evaluate the security posture of existing application portfolios
- Evaluate threats to business-critical applications by using threat modeling
- Design and implement a full lifecycle strategy for application security
- Design and implement standards and practices for securing the application development process
- Map technologies to application security requirements
- Design a solution for workload identity to authenticate and access Azure cloud resources
- Design a solution for API management and security
- Design solutions that secure applications by using Azure Web Application Firewall (WAF)
- Design solutions for securing an organization's data
- Evaluate solutions for data discovery and classification
- Specify priorities for mitigating threats to data
- Evaluate solutions for encryption of data at rest and in transit, including Azure Key Vault and infrastructure encryption
- Design a security solution for data in Azure workloads, including Azure SQL, Azure Synapse Analytics, and Azure Cosmos DB
- Design a security solution for data in Azure Storage
- Design a security solution that includes Microsoft Defender for Storage and Microsoft Defender for Databases



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug