Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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SPLK-2002 MCQs : Download 100% Free SPLK-2002 test Questions (PDF and VCE)

Exam Number : SPLK-2002
Exam Name : Splunk Enterprise Certified Architect
Vendor Name : Splunk
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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SPLK-2002 test Format | SPLK-2002 Course Contents | SPLK-2002 Course Outline | SPLK-2002 test Syllabus | SPLK-2002 test Objectives


Length: 90 minutes
Format: 85 multiple choice questions
Delivery: test is given by their testing partner Pearson VUE

- Introduction
- Describe a deployment plan
- Define the deployment process

- Project Requirements
- Identify critical information about environment, volume, users, and requirements
- Apply checklists and resources to aid in collecting requirements

- Infrastructure Planning: Index Design
- Understand design and size indexes
- Estimate non-smart store related storage requirements
- Identify relevant apps

- Infrastructure Planning: Resource Planning
- List sizing considerations
- Identify disk storage requirements
- Define hardware requirements for various Splunk components
- Describe ES considerations for sizing and topology
- Describe ITSI considerations for sizing and topology
- Describe security, privacy, and integrity measures

- Clustering Overview
- Identify non-smart store related storage and disk usage requirements
- Identify search head clustering requirements
- Forwarder and Deployment Best Practices 6%
- Identify best practices for forwarder tier design
- Understand configuration management for all Splunk components, using Splunk deployment tools

- Performance Monitoring and Tuning
- Use limits.conf to Improve performance
- Use indexes.conf to manage bucket size
- Tune props.conf
- Improve search performance

- Splunk Troubleshooting Methods and Tools
- Splunk diagnostic resources and tools

- Clarifying the Problem
- Identify Splunks internal log files
- Identify Splunks internal indexes

- Licensing and Crash Problems
- License issues
- Crash issues

- Configuration Problems
- Input issues

- Search Problems
- Search issues
- Job inspector

- Deployment Problems
- Forwarding issues
- Deployment server issues

- Large-scale Splunk Deployment Overview
- Identify Splunk server roles in clusters
- License Master configuration in a clustered environment

- Single-site Indexer Cluster
- Splunk single-site indexer cluster configuration

- Multisite Indexer Cluster
- Splunk multisite indexer cluster overview
- Multisite indexer cluster configuration
- Cluster migration and upgrade considerations

- Indexer Cluster Management and Administration
- Indexer cluster storage utilization options
- Peer offline and decommission
- Master app bundles
- Monitoring Console for indexer cluster environment

- Search Head Cluster
- Splunk search head cluster overview
- Search head cluster configuration

- Search Head Cluster Management and Administration
- Search head cluster deployer
- Captaincy transfer
- Search head member addition and decommissioning
- KV Store Collection and Lookup Management
- KV Store collection in Splunk clusters

- Splunk Deployment Methodology and Architecture
- Planning and Designing Splunk Environments:
- Understand Splunk deployment methodologies for small, medium, and large-scale environments.
- Design distributed architectures to handle high data volumes efficiently.
- Plan for redundancy, load balancing, and scalability.

- Indexers: Store and index data for search and analysis.
- Search Heads: Manage search requests and distribute them across indexers.
- Forwarders: Collect and forward data to indexers (e.g., Universal Forwarder, Heavy Forwarder).
- Deployment Server: Manages configurations for forwarders and other Splunk components.
- Cluster Master: Oversees indexer clustering for replication and high availability.
- Distributed Deployment:
- Configure indexer and search head clustering for redundancy and performance.
- Implement high availability (HA) through failover mechanisms.
- Design scalable systems with horizontal scaling (adding more indexers or search heads).
- Terminologies:
- Indexer Clustering: Grouping indexers to replicate data for redundancy.
- Search Head Clustering: Grouping search heads for load balancing and HA.
- Replication Factor: Number of data copies maintained in an indexer cluster.
- Search Factor: Number of searchable data copies in an indexer cluster.
- Bucket: A storage unit for indexed data (hot, warm, cold, frozen).

- Data Ingestion and Indexing
- Data Inputs Configuration:
- Configure data inputs (e.g., files, directories, network inputs, scripted inputs).
- Manage source types and ensure consistent event formatting.
- Handle data from various sources (syslog, HTTP Event Collector, etc.).
- Indexing Processes:
- Understand data parsing, indexing, and storage processes.
- Configure indexes for performance and retention policies.
- Optimize indexing pipelines for high-throughput environments.
- Data Integrity and Compression:
- Ensure data integrity during ingestion and indexing.
- Understand Splunks data compression (e.g., rawdata and tsidx files).
- Estimate disk storage requirements (e.g., rawdata ~15%, tsidx ~35% for syslog data).

- Source Type: Metadata defining how Splunk parses incoming data.
- Rawdata: Uncompressed event data stored in buckets.
- Tsidx: Time-series index files for efficient searching.
- Event Breaking: Process of splitting raw data into individual events.
- Hot/Warm/Cold Buckets: Stages of data storage based on age and access frequency.

- Search and Reporting
- Search Processing Language (SPL):
- Write and optimize complex SPL queries for searching and reporting.
- Use commands like stats, eval, rex, and lookup for data analysis.
- Knowledge Objects:
- Create and manage knowledge objects (e.g., saved searches, reports, dashboards, field extractions).
- Understand permissions and sharing of knowledge objects.
- Search Optimization:
- Optimize search performance in distributed environments.
- Configure search pipelines and limits (e.g., limits.conf).
- Use data models and accelerated searches for faster results.

- Knowledge Objects: Reusable components like searches, dashboards, and lookups.
- Data Model: Structured dataset for pivoting and reporting.
- Accelerated Search: Pre-computed summaries for faster search results.
- Search Head: Component that executes searches and renders results.

- Security and User Management
- Authentication and Authorization:
- Configure user authentication (e.g., LDAP, SAML, Splunk native).
- Manage roles, capabilities, and access controls.
- Data Security:
- Implement data encryption for Splunk Web, splunkd, and distributed search.
- Configure certificate authentication between forwarders and indexers.
- Audit and Compliance:
- Monitor audit trails for user activity and system changes.
- Ensure compliance with security standards.

- Role: A set of permissions assigned to users.
- Capability: Specific actions a role can perform (e.g., run searches, edit indexes).
- Splunkd: The core Splunk daemon handling indexing and search.
- KV Store: Key-value store for storing application data.

- Clustering and High Availability
- Indexer Clustering:
- Configure replication and search factors for data redundancy.
- Manage bucket replication and recovery.
- Search Head Clustering:
- Set up search head clusters for load balancing and HA.
- Use splunk apply shcluster-bundle and splunk resync shcluster-replicated-config for configuration synchronization.
- High Availability:
- Ensure continuous availability through failover and redundancy.
- Increase replication factor for searchable data HA.

- Cluster Master: Manages indexer cluster operations.
- Peer Node: An indexer in a cluster.
- Search Head Cluster: Group of search heads for distributed search.
- Raft: Consensus algorithm for search head clustering.

- Performance Tuning and Troubleshooting
- Performance Optimization:
- Increase parallel ingestion pipelines (server.conf) for indexing performance.
- Adjust hot bucket limits (indexes.conf) and search concurrency (limits.conf).
- Monitor system resources (CPU, memory, IOPS) for bottlenecks.
- Troubleshooting:
- Diagnose connectivity issues using tools like tcpdump and splunk btool.
- Analyze splunkd.log for deployment server issues.
- Resolve inconsistent event formatting due to misconfigured forwarders or source types.

- IOPS: Input/Output Operations Per Second, a measure of disk performance.
- Splunk Btool: Command-line tool for configuration validation.
- KV Store: Used for storing and retrieving configuration data.
- Monitoring Console: Splunks built-in tool for monitoring deployment health.

- Integration with Third-Party Systems
- Third-Party Integration:
- Integrate Splunk with Hadoop for searching HDFS data.
- Configure Splunk to work with external systems via APIs or add-ons.
- Data Sharing:
- Enable Splunk to share data with external applications.
- Use Splunks REST API for programmatic access.

- HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System.
- REST API: Splunks interface for external integrations.
- Add-on: Modular component for integrating with specific data sources.

- Forwarder: Collects and sends data to indexers (Universal, Heavy, Cloud).
- Indexer: Processes and stores data for searching.
- Search Head: Manages search queries and user interfaces.
- Cluster Master: Coordinates indexer clustering.
- Replication Factor: Number of data copies in an indexer cluster.
- Search Factor: Number of searchable data copies.
- Bucket: Data storage unit (hot, warm, cold, frozen).
- Source Type: Metadata for parsing data.
- Rawdata: Uncompressed event data.
- Tsidx: Time-series index for efficient searches.
- Knowledge Objects: Reusable components like searches and dashboards.
- Data Model: Structured dataset for reporting.
- KV Store: Key-value storage for configurations.
- Splunkd: Core Splunk service.
- Btool: Tool for troubleshooting configurations.
- IOPS: Disk performance metric.
- HDFS: Hadoop file system for big data.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug