Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : SPLK-3003
Exam Name : Splunk Core Certified Consultant
Vendor Name : Splunk
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SPLK-3003 exam Format | SPLK-3003 Course Contents | SPLK-3003 Course Outline | SPLK-3003 exam Syllabus | SPLK-3003 exam Objectives
EXAM NUMBER : SPLK-3003
EXAM NAME : Splunk Core Certified Consultant
Exam Description: The Splunk Core Certified Consultant certification exam is the final step in the Splunk
Core Certified Consultant track. This highly technical certification exam is a 117-minute, 86-question
assessment which evaluates a candidates knowledge and skills in Splunk Deployment Methodology and
best-practices for planning, data collection, and sizing, managing, and troubleshooting a standard with
indexer and search head clustering. Candidates can expect an additional 3 minutes to review the exam
agreement, for a total seat time of 120 minutes. Candidates interested in this certification must complete
the lecture, hands-on labs, and quizzes that are part of the Fundamentals 3, Creating Dashboards with
Splunk, and Advanced Searching and Reporting courses by Splunk Education, the Indexer Cluster
Implementation Lab, the Distributed Search Migration Lab, the Implementation Fundamentals Lab, the
Architect Implementation Labs (1-3), as well as the Services: Core Implementation Instructor-Led Training
course in order to be eligible for the certification exam. The prerequisite exams for this certification are
Splunk Core Certified Power User, Splunk Enterprise Certified Admin, and Splunk Enterprise Certified
Architect.
The following content areas are general guidelines for the content to be included on the exam:
● Splunk Validated Architectures
● Monitoring Console configuration
● Authentication Protocols
● Splunk to Splunk (S2S) Communication
● Data Inputs
● Forwarder Types
● HEC Tokens
● Fishbucket Records
● Pretrained Sourcetypes
● Indexing Buckets
● Event Processing
● Indexing Intervals
● Data Retention
● Search Head Dispatch
● Sub-searches
● Deployment Apps
● Deployment Server
● Indexer Clustering
● Upgrading an Indexer Cluster
● Indexer Cluster Failure Modes
● Multi-site Clustering
● Indexer Migration
● Search Head Clustering
1.0 Deploying Splunk 5%
1.1 Define Splunk Validated Architectures
1.2 Articulate how and why Splunk grows from standalone environment to distributed
environment with indexer and Search Head clustering
1.3 Explain the difference between High Availability and Disaster Recovery and how both can
be addressed in Splunk.
2.0 Monitoring Console 8%
2.1 Describe which instances are suitable to configure as the Monitoring Console
2.2 Articulate how to configure the MC for a single or distributed environment
2.3 Examine how the MC uses the server roles and groups
2.4 Describe how MC health checks are performed and can be extended.
3.0 Access and Roles 8%
3.1 Identify authentication methods
3.2 Describe LDAP concepts and configuration
3.3 List SAML and SSO options
3.4 Define roles and articulate how roles are used to secure data
4.0 Data Collection 15%
4.1 Articulate the different ways data can be ingested by an indexer
4.2 Articulate how one Splunk instance communicates with another Splunk instance (S2S)
4.3 Describe the types and configuration of data inputs
4.4 Describe ways to troubleshoot data inputs
5.0 Indexing 14%
5.1 List indexing artefacts and locations
5.2 Describe event processing and data pipelines
5.3 Describe the underlying text parsing and indexing process
5.4 List data retention controls
6.0 Search 14%
6.1 Describe how to use search job inspection, Explain the inner-workings of a search
6.2 List the different search types
6.3 Describe how to maximize search efficiency
6.4 Describe how sub-searches work
7.0 Configuration Management 8%
7.1 Describe a deployment app
7.2 Articulate how a Deployment Server works
7.3 Describe deployment system configuration
7.4 Articulate how to manage deployment Server
8.0 Indexer Clustering 18%
8.1 Describe deployment and component configuration
8.2 Describe the life cycle of data using buckets
8.3 Determine failure modes and recovery processes
8.4 Articulate how multi-site clustering works
8.5 List migration procedures
9.0 Search Head Clustering 10%
9.1 Articulate how to manage and deploy a Search Head cluster
9.2 Determine when a Search Head Cluster may be needed and when a Search Head Cluster
would not be recommended
9.3 Describe content management using the Deployer
9.4 Describe the role of the cluster members and the Captain
9.5 Articulate how Captain election works (RAFT)
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug