Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : SSCP
Exam Name : Systems Security Certified Practioner
Vendor Name : ISC2
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SSCP exam Format | SSCP Course Contents | SSCP Course Outline | SSCP exam Syllabus | SSCP exam Objectives
Exam Title :
ISC2 Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP)
Exam ID :
SSCP
Exam Duration :
180 mins
Questions in exam :
125
Passing Score :
700/1000
Exam Center :
Pearson VUE
Real Questions :
ISC2 SSCP Real Questions
VCE practice exam :
ISC2 SSCP Certification VCE Practice Test
Access Controls 16%
Implement and maintain authentication methods
- Single/multifactor authentication
- Single sign-on
- Device authentication
- Federated access
Support internetwork trust architectures
- Trust relationships (e.g., 1-way, 2-way, transitive)
- Extranet
- Third party connections
Participate in the identity management lifecycle
- Authorization
- Proofing
- Provisioning/de-provisioning
- Maintenance
- Entitlement
- Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems
Implement access controls
- Mandatory
- Non-discretionary
- Discretionary
- Role-based
- Attribute-based
- Subject-based
- Object-based
Security Operations and Administration 15%
Comply with codes of ethics
- (ISC)² Code of Ethics
- Organizational code of ethics
Understand security concepts
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Accountability
- Privacy
- Non-repudiation
- Least privilege
- Separation of duties
Document, implement, and maintain functional security controls
- Deterrent controls
- Preventative controls
- Detective controls
- Corrective controls
- Compensating controls
Participate in asset management
- Lifecycle (hardware, software, and data)
- Hardware inventory
- Software inventory and licensing
- Data storage
Implement security controls and assess compliance
- Technical controls (e.g., session timeout, password aging)
- Physical controls (e.g., mantrap, cameras, locks)
- Administrative controls (e.g., security policies and standards, procedures, baselines)
- Periodic audit and review
Participate in change management
- Execute change management process
- Identify security impact
- Testing /implementing patches, fixes, and updates (e.g., operating system, applications, SDLC)
Participate in security awareness and training
Participate in physical security operations (e.g., data center exam, badging)
Risk Identification, Monitoring, and Analysis 15%
Understand the risk management process
- Risk visibility and reporting (e.g., risk register, sharing threat intelligence, Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS))
- Risk management concepts (e.g., impact exams, threat modelling, Business Impact Analysis (BIA))
- Risk management frameworks (e.g., ISO, NIST)
- Risk treatment (e.g., accept, transfer, mitigate, avoid, recast)
Perform security exam activities
- Participate in security testing
- Interpretation and reporting of scanning and testing results
- Remediation validation
- Audit finding remediation
Operate and maintain monitoring systems (e.g., continuous monitoring)
- Events of interest (e.g., anomalies, intrusions, unauthorized changes, compliance monitoring)
- Logging
- Source systems
- Legal and regulatory concerns (e.g., jurisdiction, limitations, privacy)
Analyze monitoring results
- Security baselines and anomalies
- Visualizations, metrics, and trends (e.g., dashboards, timelines)
- Event data analysis
- Document and communicate findings (e.g., escalation)
Incident Response and Recovery 13%
Support incident lifecycle
- Preparation
- Detection, analysis, and escalation
- Containment
- Eradication
- Recovery
- Lessons learned/implementation of new countermeasure
Understand and support forensic investigations
- Legal and ethical principles
- Evidence handling (e.g., first responder, triage, chain of custody, preservation of scene)
Understand and support Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) activities
- Emergency response plans and procedures (e.g., information system contingency plan)
- Interim or alternate processing strategies
- Restoration planning
- Backup and redundancy implementation
- Testing and drills
Cryptography 10%
Understand fundamental concepts of cryptography
- Hashing
- Salting
- Symmetric/asymmetric encryption/Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
- Non-repudiation (e.g., digital signatures/certificates, HMAC, audit trail)
- Encryption algorithms (e.g., AES, RSA)
- Key strength (e.g., 256, 512, 1024, 2048 bit keys)
- Cryptographic attacks, cryptanalysis, and counter measures
Understand reasons and requirements for cryptography
- Confidentiality
- Integrity and authenticity
- Data sensitivity (e.g., PII, intellectual property, PHI)
- Regulatory
Understand and support secure protocols
- Services and protocols (e.g., IPSec, TLS, S/MIME, DKIM)
- Common use cases
- Limitations and vulnerabilities
Understand Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) systems
Fundamental key management concepts (e.g., key rotation, key composition, key creation, exchange, revocation, escrow)
- Web of Trust (WOT) (e.g., PGP, GPG)
Network and Communications Security 16%
Understand and apply fundamental concepts of networking
- OSI and TCP/IP models
- Network topographies (e.g., ring, star, bus, mesh, tree)
- Network relationships (e.g., peer to peer, client server)
- Transmission media types (e.g., fiber, wired, wireless)
- Commonly used ports and protocols
Understand network attacks and countermeasures (e.g., DDoS, man-in-the-middle, DNS poisoning)
Manage network access controls
- Network access control and monitoring (e.g., remediation, quarantine, admission)
- Network access control standards and protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.1X, Radius, TACACS)
- Remote access operation and configuration (e.g., thin client, SSL VPN, IPSec VPN, telework)
Manage network security
- Logical and physical placement of network devices (e.g., inline, passive)
- Segmentation (e.g., physical/logical, data/control plane, VLAN, ACLs)
- Secure device management
Operate and configure network-based security devices
- Firewalls and proxies (e.g., filtering methods)
- Network intrusion detection/prevention systems
- Routers and switches
- Traffic-shaping devices (e.g., WAN optimization, load balancing)
Operate and configure wireless technologies (e.g., bluetooth, NFC, WiFi)
- Transmission security
- Wireless security devices (e.g.,WIPS, WIDS)
Systems and Application Security 15%
Identify and analyze malicious code and activity
- Malware (e.g., rootkits, spyware, scareware, ransomware, trojans, virus, worms, trapdoors, backdoors, and remote access trojans)
- Malicious code countermeasures (e.g., scanners, anti-malware, code signing, sandboxing)
- Malicious activity (e.g., insider threat, data theft, DDoS, botnet)
- Malicious activity countermeasures (e.g., user awareness, system hardening, patching, sandboxing, isolation)
Implement and operate endpoint device security
- HIDS
- Host-based firewalls
- Application white listing
- Endpoint encryption
- Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
- Mobile Device Management (MDM) (e.g., COPE, BYOD)
- Secure browsing (e.g., sandbox)
Operate and configure cloud security
- Deployment models (e.g., public, private, hybrid, community)
- Service models (e.g., IaaS, PaaS and SaaS)
- Virtualization (e.g., hypervisor)
- Legal and regulatory concerns (e.g., privacy, surveillance, data ownership, jurisdiction, eDiscovery)
- Data storage and transmission (e.g., archiving, recovery, resilience)
- Third party/outsourcing requirements (e.g., SLA, data portability, data destruction, auditing)
- Shared responsibility model
Operate and secure virtual environments
- Software-defined networking
- Hypervisor
- Virtual appliances
- Continuity and resilience
- Attacks and countermeasures
- Shared storage
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug