Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : TA12
Exam Name : ISTQB-BCS Certified Tester Advanced Level - Test Analyst
Vendor Name : ASTQB
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TA12 exam Format | TA12 Course Contents | TA12 Course Outline | TA12 exam Syllabus | TA12 exam Objectives
Exam Details for TA12 ISTQB-BCS Certified Tester Advanced Level - Test Analyst:
Number of Questions: The TA12 exam typically consists of 65 multiple-choice questions.
Time Limit: The exam has a time limit of 180 minutes (3 hours).
Course Outline:
The ISTQB-BCS Certified Tester Advanced Level - Test Analyst certification is designed to validate the knowledge and skills required for an advanced level test analyst role in software testing. The course outline covers the following key topics:
1. Testing Process:
- Test planning and control
- Test analysis and design
- Test implementation and execution
- Test closure activities
- Test progress monitoring and reporting
2. Test Management:
- Test estimation, monitoring, and control
- Configuration management
- Risk-based testing
- Incident management and defect tracking
- Test metrics and reporting
3. Test Techniques:
- Specification-based techniques (equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision tables, etc.)
- Structure-based techniques (statement coverage, decision coverage, condition coverage, etc.)
- Experience-based techniques (error guessing, exploratory testing, etc.)
- Defect-based techniques (defect clustering, defect seeding, etc.)
- Test implementation and execution (test data preparation, test environment setup, test execution, etc.)
4. Test Analysis:
- Review techniques (static analysis, walkthroughs, inspections, etc.)
- Use case testing
- Domain testing
- User story testing
- Defect taxonomies and root cause analysis
5. Test Design:
- Test conditions and test cases
- Test data preparation
- Test environment requirements
- Test coverage and traceability
- Testable requirements and test design techniques
Exam Objectives:
The TA12 exam aims to assess the following objectives:
1. Understanding of the testing process, including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and closure.
2. Proficiency in test management activities such as estimation, monitoring, control, and reporting.
3. Knowledge of various test techniques and their application in different testing situations.
4. Competence in test analysis techniques, including reviews, use case testing, domain testing, and defect analysis.
5. Skills in test design, including creating test conditions, test cases, and test data, as well as ensuring coverage and traceability.
Exam Syllabus:
The TA12 exam covers the following syllabus:
1. Testing Process
- Test planning and control
- Test analysis and design
- Test implementation and execution
- Test closure activities
- Test progress monitoring and reporting
2. Test Management
- Test estimation, monitoring, and control
- Configuration management
- Risk-based testing
- Incident management and defect tracking
- Test metrics and reporting
3. Test Techniques
- Specification-based techniques
- Structure-based techniques
- Experience-based techniques
- Defect-based techniques
- Test implementation and execution
4. Test Analysis
- Review techniques
- Use case testing
- Domain testing
- User story testing
- Defect taxonomies and root cause analysis
5. Test Design
- Test conditions and test cases
- Test data preparation
- Test environment requirements
- Test coverage and traceability
- Testable requirements and test design techniques
Candidates preparing for the TA12 exam should thoroughly study each course within the course outline, familiarize themselves with the exam objectives, and ensure they have a comprehensive understanding of the exam syllabus. It is recommended to refer to official ISTQB resources, study guides, and practice exams for effective exam preparation.
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ASTQB - book
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11. “There’s always room for a story that can transport people to another place.”—J.K. Rowling 12. “People can lose their lives in libraries. They ought to be warned.”—Saul Bellow 13. “I am a part of everything I have read.”—Theodore Roosevelt 14. “What a blessing it is to love books.”—Elizabeth von Arnim, The Solitary Summer 15. “Reading is an exercise in empathy; an exercise in walking in someone else’s shoes for a while.”—Malorie Blackman 16. “Some like to believe it’s the book that chooses the person.”—Carlos Ruiz Zafón 17. “I have never known any distress that an hour’s studying did not relieve.”—Montesquieu 18. “It is what you read when you don’t have to that determines what you will be when you can’t help it.”—Oscar Wilde 19. “If there’s a book that you want to read, but it hasn’t been written yet, then you must write it.”—Toni Morrison 20. “… a mind needs books as a sword needs a whetstone, if it is to keep its edge.”—George R.R. Martin, A Game of Thrones RELATED: The 121 Funniest Quotes of All Time
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31. “A room without books is like a body without a soul.”—Marcus Tullius Cicero 32. “I know some who are constantly drunk on books as other men are drunk on whiskey.”—H.L. Mencken 33. “The things I want to know are in books; my best friend is the man who’ll get me a book I ain’t read.”—Abraham Lincoln 34. “A love of studying shows empathy, the desire to understand how others live or act or might act—and why.”—Celeste Ng 35. “People say that life is the thing, but I prefer reading.”—Logan Pearsall Smith 36. “That’s the thing about books. They let you travel without moving your feet.”—Jhumpa Lahiri, The Namesake 37. “The world was hers for the reading.”—Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 38. “Books, I found, had the power to make time stand still, retreat or fly into the future.”—Jim Bishop 39. “She read books as one would breathe air, to fill up and live.”—Annie Dillard, The Living 40. “If you would tell me the heart of a man, tell me not what he reads, but what he rereads.”—Francois Mauriac RELATED: The 25 Best Children’s Books Ever Written
41. “Books may well be the only true magic.”—Alice Hoffman 42. “When I am dead, I hope it may be said: His sins were scarlet, but his books were read.”—Hilaire Belloc 43. “A good library will never be too neat, or too dusty, because somebody will always be in it, taking books off the shelves and staying up late studying them.”—Lemony Snicket, Horseradish 44. “Literature is the most agreeable way of ignoring life.”—Fernando Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet 45. “A great book should leave you with many experiences, and slightly exhausted. You should live several lives while studying it.”—William Styron 46. “There is no mistaking a real book when one meets it. It is like falling in love.”—Christopher Morley, Pipefuls 47. “There are many little ways to enlarge your child’s world. Love of books is the best of all.”—Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 48. “There are no faster or firmer friendships than those formed between people who love the same books.”—Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow for the Defense 49. “So many books, so little time.”—Frank Zappa 50. “Reading is a basic tool in the living of a good life.”—Joseph Addison Itching for a new book after studying these quotes? Learn the best places to find used books online—you’ll save money while expanding your library. What to Read NowNo result found, try new keyword!Book recommendations from editors at the New York Times Book Review. Finding a book you’ll love can be daunting. Let us help. By The New York Times Books Staff Novels from Ann Patchett and ...Looking for the perfect vacation book? Try 'Same Time Next Summer' and other charming readsusatoday.com cannot provide a good user experience to your browser. To use this site and continue to benefit from their journalism and site features, please upgrade to the latest version of Chrome, Edge, Firefox or Safari. ![]() |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug