Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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TMPTE test Format | TMPTE Course Contents | TMPTE Course Outline | TMPTE test Syllabus | TMPTE test Objectives
Duration: 1 hour
Number of questions: 30 (Multiple Choice)
Pass mark: 65%
Open book: No
Electronic equipment allowed: No
Level: Foundation
Available languages: English, German, Brazilian Portuguese, Japanese
Requirements: General knowledge in the field of system development and six months to one year
of work experience in the testing field
EXIN NEXT® Test Engineer gives professionals the knowledge to create adopt a structured approach to testing. Candidates are taught how tests must be prepared, specified and executed. The test covers the background knowledge of the techniques, infrastructure, and tools required for successful testing.
TMap NEXT® Test Engineer is created for professional testers of any level for whom testing is a significant part of their role. It is also useful for users, developers, and managers who test software projects or information systems. There is no prerequisite for the course, however, six months to a year of work experience is recommended. As is a general understanding of system development.
Framework and importance of testing
TMap® life cycle acceptance and system tests
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Test design
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Read the statement the US military used to cover up Oppenheimer's first nuclear test, claiming it was an ammo dump blowing upThe massive explosion of Oppenheimer's Trinity test was initially explained away as an ammo dump explosion.Clovis News-Journal/Newspapers.com / National Security Research Center After Oppenheimer tested his first nuclear bomb, local newspapers were fed a lie to explain the blast. The massive blast of the Trinity nuclear test was explained away as an ammo dump explosion. Only later did newspapers realize they had been duped. Read their reports below. Anyone leafing through the newspapers shortly after Robert J. Oppenheimer's first nuclear bomb test on July 16, 1945, might have missed a small news item about the explosion. Buried on page 6 of New Mexico's Clovis News-Journal was a dull and, as it turns out, largely fictitious news story about an exploded ammo dump. "Several questions have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air Base this morning," it quoted the base's commanding officer, William O. Eareckson, as saying. The article goes on to say that what locals heard and saw was the result of a "considerable amount of high explosive and pyrotechnics" blowing up. Nobody was hurt, Eareckson said. The notice appeared between stories about a police car chase and a man who was wanted for issuing a bounced check. What the news report failed to mention was that the atomic era had just begun in their own backyard: the Manhattan Project's first-ever nuclear bomb test, known as Trinity. The Trinity test released a literally blinding explosion and a mushroom cloud seven and a half miles high; a precursor to the devastating nuclear bombs that would later be dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The blast "was seen and felt throughout an area extending from El Paso to Silver City, Gallup, Sorocco and Albuquerque," according to an August 31, 1945, report in the El Paso Herald-Post. The responsibility for drafting a series of press releases explaining this away fell to a New York Times science reporter, William Laurence, according to Vincent C. Jones, who chronicled the test for the US Army Center of Military History. Laurence was temporarily released from his job at the Times to help the Manhattan Project, Jones wrote. In total, Laurence helped draft four press releases — the other three covered potentially catastrophic results such as having to evacuate residents, damage to towns, and draft death notices, per Jones. Only the one below was ever used. In its August 31 article, more than a month later, the Herald-Post reported that the blast was actually the "A-bomb," admitting it had been duped by the earlier statement. It wrote: "This was the story of the half-century, and newsmen didn't know it." Here's the full text of the New Mexico's Clovis News-Journal article from July 16, 1945: Blast occurs at Alamogordo Army Air BaseALAMOGORDO, N.M., July 16. N --- William O. Eareckson, commanding officer of the Alamogordo army air base made the following statement today: "Several questions have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air Base this morning. "A remotely located ammunition magazine containing a considerable amount of high explosive and pyrotechnics exploded. "There was no loss of life or injury to anyone, and property damage outside of the explosives magazine itself was negligible. "Weather conditions affecting the content of gas shells exploded by the balst [sic] may make it desirable for the army to evacuate temporarily a few civilians from their homes." Read the original article on Business Insider Read the statement the US military used to cover up Oppenheimer's first nuclear test, claiming it was an ammo dump blowing upThe massive explosion of Oppenheimer's Trinity test was initially explained away as an ammo dump explosion.Clovis News-Journal/Newspapers.com / National Security Research Center After Oppenheimer tested his first nuclear bomb, local newspapers were fed a lie to explain the blast. The massive blast of the Trinity nuclear test was explained away as an ammo dump explosion. Only later did newspapers realize they had been duped. Read their reports below. Anyone leafing through the newspapers shortly after Robert J. Oppenheimer's first nuclear bomb test on July 16, 1945, might have missed a small news item about the explosion. Buried on page 6 of New Mexico's Clovis News-Journal was a dull and, as it turns out, largely fictitious news story about an exploded ammo dump. "Several questions have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air Base this morning," it quoted the base's commanding officer, William O. Eareckson, as saying. The article goes on to say that what locals heard and saw was the result of a "considerable amount of high explosive and pyrotechnics" blowing up. Nobody was hurt, Eareckson said. The notice appeared between stories about a police car chase and a man who was wanted for issuing a bounced check. What the news report failed to mention was that the atomic era had just begun in their own backyard: the Manhattan Project's first-ever nuclear bomb test, known as Trinity. The Trinity test released a literally blinding explosion and a mushroom cloud seven and a half miles high; a precursor to the devastating nuclear bombs that would later be dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The blast "was seen and felt throughout an area extending from El Paso to Silver City, Gallup, Sorocco and Albuquerque," according to an August 31, 1945, report in the El Paso Herald-Post. The responsibility for drafting a series of press releases explaining this away fell to a New York Times science reporter, William Laurence, according to Vincent C. Jones, who chronicled the test for the US Army Center of Military History. Laurence was temporarily released from his job at the Times to help the Manhattan Project, Jones wrote. Story continues In total, Laurence helped draft four press releases — the other three covered potentially catastrophic results such as having to evacuate residents, damage to towns, and draft death notices, per Jones. Only the one below was ever used. In its August 31 article, more than a month later, the Herald-Post reported that the blast was actually the "A-bomb," admitting it had been duped by the earlier statement. It wrote: "This was the story of the half-century, and newsmen didn't know it." Here's the full text of the New Mexico's Clovis News-Journal article from July 16, 1945: Blast occurs at Alamogordo Army Air BaseALAMOGORDO, N.M., July 16. N --- William O. Eareckson, commanding officer of the Alamogordo army air base made the following statement today: "Several questions have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air Base this morning. "A remotely located ammunition magazine containing a considerable amount of high explosive and pyrotechnics exploded. "There was no loss of life or injury to anyone, and property damage outside of the explosives magazine itself was negligible. "Weather conditions affecting the content of gas shells exploded by the balst [sic] may make it desirable for the army to evacuate temporarily a few civilians from their homes." Read the original article on Business Insider |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug