Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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TOEFL test Format | TOEFL Course Contents | TOEFL Course Outline | TOEFL test Syllabus | TOEFL test Objectives

Test Detail:
The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is a standardized test conducted by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to measure the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers. The test is widely recognized and accepted by universities, colleges, and institutions around the world. Here is a detailed overview of the TOEFL, including the number of questions and time, course outline, test objectives, and test syllabus.

Number of Questions and Time:
The TOEFL test consists of four sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. The total number of questions and time allocation for each section are as follows:

1. studying Section:
- Number of Questions: Approximately 30-40 questions
- Time Limit: 54-72 minutes

2. Listening Section:
- Number of Questions: Approximately 28-39 questions
- Time Limit: 41-57 minutes

3. Speaking Section:
- Number of Tasks: 4 tasks
- Time Limit: 17 minutes

4. Writing Section:
- Number of Tasks: 2 tasks
- Time Limit: 50 minutes

The total test duration, including breaks, is typically around 3 hours and 30 minutes.

Course Outline:
The TOEFL test measures the test taker's ability to understand and use English in academic settings. While there is no specific course outline provided by ETS, the test covers the following key areas:

1. Reading:
- studying and comprehending academic texts from various disciplines.
- Identifying main ideas, supporting details, and understanding vocabulary in context.

2. Listening:
- Listening to lectures, conversations, and classroom discussions.
- Understanding main ideas, specific details, speaker attitude, and purpose.

3. Speaking:
- Expressing opinions on familiar topics.
- Delivering integrated responses by combining information from studying and listening tasks.
- Conveying information and summarizing passages or lectures.

4. Writing:
- Writing responses to given prompts.
- Organizing and developing ideas coherently.
- Demonstrating grammatical accuracy and vocabulary usage.

Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the TOEFL test include assessing the test taker's ability to:

1. Understand and analyze academic studying passages.
2. Comprehend and interpret spoken English in academic contexts.
3. Speak English fluently and coherently in various situations.
4. Write well-structured and coherent responses to academic prompts.

Exam Syllabus:
The TOEFL test syllabus focuses on the skills necessary for academic success in an English-speaking environment. It includes:

1. Reading:
- studying comprehension of academic passages.
- Understanding vocabulary in context.

2. Listening:
- Comprehending lectures, conversations, and discussions.
- Note-taking skills.

3. Speaking:
- Expressing personal opinions.
- Providing summaries.
- Presenting and defending arguments.

4. Writing:
- Writing essays or responses to given prompts.
- Developing and organizing ideas.
- Grammar and vocabulary usage.

Candidates should refer to official TOEFL preparation materials, practice tests, and resources provided by ETS for detailed information on the test structure, question types, scoring, and test strategies.

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Admission-Tests Of PDF Dumps

Test Optional

Choosing Test-Optional at SCU

Santa Clara University is extending its “test-optional” policy for first-year and transfer students until 2024. Scores on the SAT or ACT are not required for students applying to Santa Clara University for the 2024 term. As a test-optional university, students still have the option to submit any standardized test score results they’ve received. A student who chooses not to submit standardized test scores will be at no disadvantage in their admission or merit scholarship review processes.

For the 2023 application cycle:

36% of SCU applicants submitted a test

41% of admitted students submitted a test

Where does an applicant select having ACT/SAT scores reviewed or not?

On the Common Application Supplement Questions for SCU, the following question will be required of all first-year applicants: Do you want your test scores considered?

Are other test scores like SAT II Subject Tests, AP test scores, IB test scores, A-levels test scores, etc. required in the admission review process?

Santa Clara does not require submission of these scores for admission application evaluation. If students would like to report scores, they have the option to share scores through their Common Application.

How do they evaluate applications?

At Santa Clara University, they review applications holistically, meaning that they will review your application individually, taking into account your academic credentials as well as your personal qualities. Important required pieces of your application include your transcript, course rigor, unweighted GPA, extracurricular activities, Common App essay, supplemental questions, and demonstrated interest. Test scores are treated as optional information, similar to a resume or an additional letter of recommendation.

What if I’m applying for Fall 2025 or later?

Santa Clara University is still reviewing the test-optional policy for future years.

Can an applicant who is deferred or waitlisted change their testing choice?

An applicant with a deferred or Wait List decision will have the opportunity to submit supplemental information, including test scores, an updated transcript, letter of interest, or additional letters of recommendations. It will not be required or expected to submit test scores.

What should I know as an international student?

You still have the test-optional choice. All international applicants are required to demonstrate a minimum level of English language. You can view their Undergraduate English Proficiency website to see the several ways to demonstrate English proficiency in the application for admission, which include proficiency exams like IELTS, TOEFL, Duolingo or standardized tests like SAT or ACT.

Does Santa Clara Superscore?

Yes. Students who choose to submit their test scores have the option to submit multiple scores. SCU is interested in your best achievement, so sending us multiple tests, if available, allows us to see subsections regardless of test date or test type (ACT/SAT).

How does this affect merit scholarships and institutional financial aid awards?

It doesn’t! All students are reviewed for merit scholarships, whether they applied with or without a test score. About the top 15% of their applicants receive merit scholarships on the basis of a holistic review process. A student who chooses not to submit standardized test scores will be at no disadvantage in their merit scholarship review processes. It’s up to you.

Testing Deadlines

Students who choose to have their scores considered must take the test by the appropriate application deadline:

Early Action & Early Decision I Regular Decision & Early Decision II Common Application & Supplement Deadline November 1 January 7 Last Accepted SAT Test Date October December Last Accepted ACT Test Date September* December

*We cannot ensure October ACT test results will reach their office in time for Early Action and Early Decision I review.

Reporting Test Scores

We accept the following options to complete the test scores requirement by the application deadline:

Self-report your scores in the Self-Reported Test Score form in the Application Status Portal

Send your official test scores from the testing agency

If you receive updated test results after submitting the Self-Reported Test Scores form, you can self-report these newer scores by filling out the form again.

Enrolling at SCU

If you are offered admission to Santa Clara University and choose to enroll, official test scores that match your self-reported scores will need to be received by your deposit deadline. In order for test scores to be considered official, they must be sent directly from College Board or ACT. Santa Clara University reserves the right to revoke admission if an applicant’s self-reported scores do not match their official score report.

For enrolling students who did not select to have test scores considered in the admission review process, SCU will ask for official scores after matriculation if scores are available. The scores will be used for test of the test optional program.

Self-Reported Test Score Frequently Asked Questions

UMass Lowell accepts self-reported SAT and ACT scores. Here's what you need to know:

The UMass Lowell Office of Undergraduate Admissions remains committed to a fair application review process. Please feel free to contact us by email at admissions@uml.edu if you have any additional questions or concerns.

Test Optional Admissions

Applicants will have an opportunity to check "Yes" or "No" when applying for admission to indicate if scores should be considered when ESF is reviewing the application. Although a preference cannot be changed online once the application has been submitted, please contact the ESF Office of Admissions to request a change. They will do their best to accommodate your preference. Once an admission decision has been made, changes cannot be accommodated.

Scholarships that are awarded based on academic performance will no longer factor in test scores as part of the consideration. If you apply test optional, you will still be given full consideration for scholarships based on your academic achievements in a strong curriculum.

Test scores are not required to be considered for the Honors Program. The ESF Honors Program remains a great opportunity for highly motivated students. Most students who enter the Honors Program are in the top 20 percent of their high school class and have a cumulative GPA of 92% or higher.

If a student indicates on the application that they are applying without consideration of SAT or ACT exams, any test scores already on file or included on a student's transcript, will not be included in the review of that student's application.

For the purpose of reviewing the application and making an admission decision, test scores may be submitted directly from the testing agency, on your high school transcript or from an applicant's score report (to be followed by official scores).

If you choose to have test scores included in your application, those scores, sent from the testing agency or posted to your final official high school transcript), will be required prior to enrollment.

Applicants interested in ESF's joint programs with Upstate Medical University are required to provide standardized test scores.

International applicants are not required to submit SAT or ACT test scores as part of the application process. However, students whose first language is not English are required to meet ESF's English language proficiency requirement. Please see requirements for international students.

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug