Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
Wo erhalte ich vollständige Informationen über TOEFL?
Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der TOEFL: Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Prüfung.
2023 Updated Actual TOEFL questions as experienced in Test Center
Aktuelle TOEFL Fragen aus echten Tests von Killexams.com - easy finanz | easyfinanz
![]() Admission-Tests TOEFL : Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONSExam Dumps Organized by Richard |
Latest 2023 Updated Admission-Tests Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Syllabus
TOEFL ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS / Braindumps contains genuine test Questions
Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee
TOEFL Test Center Questions : Download 100% Free TOEFL ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS (PDF and VCE)
Exam Number : TOEFL
Exam Name : Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service)
Vendor Name : Admission-Tests
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Question Bank : Check Questions
Download free TOEFL Exam dumps with real questions and Exam Questions
Get ahead in your career with a valuable certification. Killexams.com can help you save time by providing immediate access to their materials instead of time-consuming textbooks. Even if you're busy, you can download their TOEFL Questions and Answers which includes real test questions and study the PDF guide overnight. Practice with their Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) real questions and Exam Questions, and you'll be ready to ace the real exam.
If you're confident about passing the Admission-Tests TOEFL test to land a good job, then registering at killexams.com is the way to go. They have a team of experts working to collect real TOEFL test questions for you. You'll have access to Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test questions to ensure that you pass the TOEFL exam. You can download updated TOEFL test questions each time for 100% free. While there are several organizations offering TOEFL study materials, only valid and up-to-date 2023 TOEFL PDF Dumps matters. So, before relying on free TOEFL PDF Braindumps available on the web, it's better to reconsider killexams.com.

TOEFL test Format | TOEFL Course Contents | TOEFL Course Outline | TOEFL test Syllabus | TOEFL test Objectives
Test Detail:
The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is a standardized test conducted by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to measure the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers. The test is widely recognized and accepted by universities, colleges, and institutions around the world. Here is a detailed overview of the TOEFL, including the number of questions and time, course outline, test objectives, and test syllabus.
Number of Questions and Time:
The TOEFL test consists of four sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. The total number of questions and time allocation for each section are as follows:
1. studying Section:
- Number of Questions: Approximately 30-40 questions
- Time Limit: 54-72 minutes
2. Listening Section:
- Number of Questions: Approximately 28-39 questions
- Time Limit: 41-57 minutes
3. Speaking Section:
- Number of Tasks: 4 tasks
- Time Limit: 17 minutes
4. Writing Section:
- Number of Tasks: 2 tasks
- Time Limit: 50 minutes
The total test duration, including breaks, is typically around 3 hours and 30 minutes.
Course Outline:
The TOEFL test measures the test taker's ability to understand and use English in academic settings. While there is no specific course outline provided by ETS, the test covers the following key areas:
1. Reading:
- studying and comprehending academic texts from various disciplines.
- Identifying main ideas, supporting details, and understanding vocabulary in context.
2. Listening:
- Listening to lectures, conversations, and classroom discussions.
- Understanding main ideas, specific details, speaker attitude, and purpose.
3. Speaking:
- Expressing opinions on familiar topics.
- Delivering integrated responses by combining information from studying and listening tasks.
- Conveying information and summarizing passages or lectures.
4. Writing:
- Writing responses to given prompts.
- Organizing and developing ideas coherently.
- Demonstrating grammatical accuracy and vocabulary usage.
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the TOEFL test include assessing the test taker's ability to:
1. Understand and analyze academic studying passages.
2. Comprehend and interpret spoken English in academic contexts.
3. Speak English fluently and coherently in various situations.
4. Write well-structured and coherent responses to academic prompts.
Exam Syllabus:
The TOEFL test syllabus focuses on the skills necessary for academic success in an English-speaking environment. It includes:
1. Reading:
- studying comprehension of academic passages.
- Understanding vocabulary in context.
2. Listening:
- Comprehending lectures, conversations, and discussions.
- Note-taking skills.
3. Speaking:
- Expressing personal opinions.
- Providing summaries.
- Presenting and defending arguments.
4. Writing:
- Writing essays or responses to given prompts.
- Developing and organizing ideas.
- Grammar and vocabulary usage.
Candidates should refer to official TOEFL preparation materials, practice tests, and resources provided by ETS for detailed information on the test structure, question types, scoring, and test strategies.
Killexams Review | Reputation | Testimonials | Feedback
Do not forget to memorize these updated dumps questions for TOEFL exam.
The best thing about killexams.com's examcollection is the explanations given with the answers. It helped me understand the difficult concepts more easily. I subscribed to the TOEFL query financial organization and went through it multiple times. During the genuine exam, I attempted all the questions within 40 minutes and scored 90 marks. Thank you to the killexams.com team for making the preparation process easy for us.
Where am i capable of locate free TOEFL test questions?
I want to spread the word about killexams.com, which is a unique and high-quality coaching venture that helped me perform outstandingly in my TOEFL exam, exceeding all my expectations. I believe killexams.com is one of the most admirable online coaching platforms out there and it deserves recognition for its excellent services.
Am i capable of locate dumps Questions & Answers latest TOEFL exam?
I sought help from killexams.com to ensure success in the TOEFL exam. Their evaluation of the test principles and rules is outstanding. The material is consumer-friendly, and the Dumps removed all the troubles related to the topics. Their material made a significant contribution to my training and enabled me to be successful. I can firmly say that it helped me attain my achievement.
Just attempted as quickly as and i'm happy.
The quality of killexams.com is high enough to help applicants in their TOEFL test education. All the products I used for TOEFL test coaching were of great quality, and they helped me pass the TOEFL test quickly.
Dumps latest TOEFL test are to be had now.
I purchased TOEFL dumps online and found Killexams.com. The resource provided me with plenty of useful material to prepare for my TOEFL exam, which I was able to pass without difficulty.
Admission-Tests Of PDF Dumps
Test OptionalChoosing Test-Optional at SCUSanta Clara University is extending its “test-optional” policy for first-year and transfer students until 2024. Scores on the SAT or ACT are not required for students applying to Santa Clara University for the 2024 term. As a test-optional university, students still have the option to submit any standardized test score results they’ve received. A student who chooses not to submit standardized test scores will be at no disadvantage in their admission or merit scholarship review processes. For the 2023 application cycle: Where does an applicant select having ACT/SAT scores reviewed or not? On the Common Application Supplement Questions for SCU, the following question will be required of all first-year applicants: Do you want your test scores considered? Are other test scores like SAT II Subject Tests, AP test scores, IB test scores, A-levels test scores, etc. required in the admission review process? Santa Clara does not require submission of these scores for admission application evaluation. If students would like to report scores, they have the option to share scores through their Common Application. How do they evaluate applications? At Santa Clara University, they review applications holistically, meaning that they will review your application individually, taking into account your academic credentials as well as your personal qualities. Important required pieces of your application include your transcript, course rigor, unweighted GPA, extracurricular activities, Common App essay, supplemental questions, and demonstrated interest. Test scores are treated as optional information, similar to a resume or an additional letter of recommendation. What if I’m applying for Fall 2025 or later? Santa Clara University is still reviewing the test-optional policy for future years. Can an applicant who is deferred or waitlisted change their testing choice? An applicant with a deferred or Wait List decision will have the opportunity to submit supplemental information, including test scores, an updated transcript, letter of interest, or additional letters of recommendations. It will not be required or expected to submit test scores. What should I know as an international student? You still have the test-optional choice. All international applicants are required to demonstrate a minimum level of English language. You can view their Undergraduate English Proficiency website to see the several ways to demonstrate English proficiency in the application for admission, which include proficiency exams like IELTS, TOEFL, Duolingo or standardized tests like SAT or ACT. Does Santa Clara Superscore? Yes. Students who choose to submit their test scores have the option to submit multiple scores. SCU is interested in your best achievement, so sending us multiple tests, if available, allows us to see subsections regardless of test date or test type (ACT/SAT). How does this affect merit scholarships and institutional financial aid awards? It doesn’t! All students are reviewed for merit scholarships, whether they applied with or without a test score. About the top 15% of their applicants receive merit scholarships on the basis of a holistic review process. A student who chooses not to submit standardized test scores will be at no disadvantage in their merit scholarship review processes. It’s up to you. Testing DeadlinesStudents who choose to have their scores considered must take the test by the appropriate application deadline: Early Action & Early Decision I Regular Decision & Early Decision II Common Application & Supplement Deadline November 1 January 7 Last Accepted SAT Test Date October December Last Accepted ACT Test Date September* December*We cannot ensure October ACT test results will reach their office in time for Early Action and Early Decision I review. Reporting Test ScoresWe accept the following options to complete the test scores requirement by the application deadline: If you receive updated test results after submitting the Self-Reported Test Scores form, you can self-report these newer scores by filling out the form again. Enrolling at SCUIf you are offered admission to Santa Clara University and choose to enroll, official test scores that match your self-reported scores will need to be received by your deposit deadline. In order for test scores to be considered official, they must be sent directly from College Board or ACT. Santa Clara University reserves the right to revoke admission if an applicant’s self-reported scores do not match their official score report. For enrolling students who did not select to have test scores considered in the admission review process, SCU will ask for official scores after matriculation if scores are available. The scores will be used for test of the test optional program. Self-Reported Test Score Frequently Asked QuestionsUMass Lowell accepts self-reported SAT and ACT scores. Here's what you need to know: The UMass Lowell Office of Undergraduate Admissions remains committed to a fair application review process. Please feel free to contact us by email at admissions@uml.edu if you have any additional questions or concerns. Test Optional AdmissionsApplicants will have an opportunity to check "Yes" or "No" when applying for admission to indicate if scores should be considered when ESF is reviewing the application. Although a preference cannot be changed online once the application has been submitted, please contact the ESF Office of Admissions to request a change. They will do their best to accommodate your preference. Once an admission decision has been made, changes cannot be accommodated. Scholarships that are awarded based on academic performance will no longer factor in test scores as part of the consideration. If you apply test optional, you will still be given full consideration for scholarships based on your academic achievements in a strong curriculum. Test scores are not required to be considered for the Honors Program. The ESF Honors Program remains a great opportunity for highly motivated students. Most students who enter the Honors Program are in the top 20 percent of their high school class and have a cumulative GPA of 92% or higher. If a student indicates on the application that they are applying without consideration of SAT or ACT exams, any test scores already on file or included on a student's transcript, will not be included in the review of that student's application. For the purpose of reviewing the application and making an admission decision, test scores may be submitted directly from the testing agency, on your high school transcript or from an applicant's score report (to be followed by official scores). If you choose to have test scores included in your application, those scores, sent from the testing agency or posted to your final official high school transcript), will be required prior to enrollment. Applicants interested in ESF's joint programs with Upstate Medical University are required to provide standardized test scores. International applicants are not required to submit SAT or ACT test scores as part of the application process. However, students whose first language is not English are required to meet ESF's English language proficiency requirement. Please see requirements for international students. |
Whilst it is very hard task to choose reliable test Dumps resources regarding review, reputation and validity because people get ripoff due to choosing incorrect service. Killexams make it sure to provide its clients far better to their resources with respect to ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS update and validity. Most of other peoples ripoff report complaint clients come to us for the brain dumps and pass their exams enjoyably and easily. They never compromise on their review, reputation and quality because killexams review, killexams reputation and killexams client self confidence is important to all of us. Specially they manage killexams.com review, killexams.com reputation, killexams.com ripoff report complaint, killexams.com trust, killexams.com validity, killexams.com report and killexams scam. If perhaps you see any bogus report posted by their competitor with the name killexams ripoff report complaint internet, killexams.com ripoff report, killexams.com scam, killexams.com complaint or something like this, just keep in mind that there are always bad people damaging reputation of good services due to their benefits. There are a large number of satisfied customers that pass their exams using killexams.com brain dumps, killexams PDF questions, killexams practice questions, killexams test simulator. Visit their test questions and trial brain dumps, their test simulator and you will definitely know that killexams.com is the best brain dumps site.
Which is the best dumps website?
Of course, Killexams is completely legit and also fully trustworthy. There are several benefits that makes killexams.com reliable and respectable. It provides updated and completely valid ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS including real exams questions and answers. Price is minimal as compared to almost all the services on internet. The Dumps are up graded on ordinary basis with most accurate brain dumps. Killexams account arrangement and product delivery is extremely fast. Report downloading is certainly unlimited and extremely fast. Assistance is avaiable via Livechat and Email address. These are the features that makes killexams.com a robust website offering ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS with real exams questions.
Is killexams.com test material dependable?
There are several Dumps provider in the market claiming that they provide genuine test Questions, Braindumps, Practice Tests, Study Guides, cheat sheet and many other names, but most of them are re-sellers that do not update their contents frequently. Killexams.com is best website of Year 2023 that understands the issue candidates face when they spend their time studying obsolete contents taken from free pdf download sites or reseller sites. Thats why killexams.com update test Dumps with the same frequency as they are updated in Real Test. ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS provided by killexams.com are Reliable, Up-to-date and validated by Certified Professionals. They maintain examcollection of valid Questions that is kept up-to-date by checking update on daily basis.
If you want to Pass your test Fast with improvement in your knowledge about latest course contents and Topics of new syllabus, They recommend to download PDF test Questions from killexams.com and get ready for genuine exam. When you feel that you should register for Premium Version, Just choose visit killexams.com and register, you will receive your Username/Password in your Email within 5 to 10 minutes. All the future updates and changes in Dumps will be provided in your download Account. You can download Premium ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS files as many times as you want, There is no limit.
Killexams.com has provided VCE practice test Software to Practice your test by Taking Test Frequently. It asks the Real test Questions and Marks Your Progress. You can take test as many times as you want. There is no limit. It will make your test prep very fast and effective. When you start getting 100% Marks with complete Pool of Questions, you will be ready to take genuine Test. Go register for Test in Test Center and Enjoy your Success.
CFSA test practice | CIMAPRA17-BA2-1-ENG PDF download | CHA model question | NS0-520 test tips | SAA-C03 free pdf | WSO2-CEID online test | H12-221 free pdf | PL-500 online test | CWAP-403 genuine Questions | 2B0-023 trial test questions | C1000-010 assessment test trial | Salesforce.Field-Service-Lightning-Consultant practice test | SBAC study guide | 4A0-C01 practice test | APA-CPP-Remote certification trial | TA12 practice test | PCCET PDF download | CPAT questions download | AZ-304 actual questions | DSST-HRM test prep |
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) education
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Free test PDF
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Test
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) exam
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test success
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) genuine Questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test contents
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) PDF Questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) syllabus
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) genuine Questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test Cram
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test Braindumps
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) study tips
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) course outline
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) learning
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) PDF Download
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Test
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) information hunger
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) braindumps
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Test
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) PDF Download
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test contents
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) cheat sheet
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) study help
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) study help
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) book
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) certification
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) information source
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) test contents
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) certification
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) information search
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) questions
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) study help
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Free test PDF
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Test
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) teaching
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) cheat sheet
TOEFL - Test Of English as a Foreign Language(Educational Testing Service) Practice Questions
Other Admission-Tests ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
GRE-Verbal Dumps | GMAT-Verbal Practice Questions | CBEST test prep | HESI-A2 assessment test sample | TOEFL test prep | GRE real questions | ASSET dumps | LSAT-Logical-Reasoning test questions | LSAT writing test questions | GRE-Quantitative cheat sheets | MAT Free PDF | ACT test questions | GMAT Real test Questions | LSAT-reading-comprehension practice test | MCAT Study Guide | SAT questions download | Praxis-Core model question | OAT Practice test | WorkKeys dumps questions | SSAT Question Bank |
Best ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS You Ever Experienced
CCP test results | PMP-Bundle trial questions | SD0-302 free online test | ICTS free practice tests | 4A0-107 practice test | DES-1423 online exam | GMAT Cheatsheet | PANRE Question Bank | EUCOC test Questions | SPLK-1002 test questions | C100DBA questions and answers | NailTech dump | NCCT-ICS test questions | SOFE-AFE cheat sheets | QV_Developer_11 practice exam | DES-1B21 PDF Download | CPAT examcollection | NCPT Questions and Answers | C8 bootcamp | 0B0-109 past bar exams |
References :
http://killexams-braindumps.blogspot.com/2020/06/dont-miss-these-business-tests-toefl.html
https://www.instapaper.com/read/1317689420
https://killexams-posting.dropmark.com/817438/23680139
https://killexams-posting.dropmark.com/817438/23792646
https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=9877556&postID=113280176894439697&page=1&token=1595127306532
https://files.fm/f/y3gpw2ah
https://youtu.be/WZW4c_UjmVo
https://www.coursehero.com/file/72870476/Test-Of-English-as-a-Foreign-LanguageEducational-Testing-Service-TOEFLpdf/
https://sites.google.com/view/killexams-toefl-boot-camp
http://feeds.feedburner.com/OnceYouMemorizeTheseToeflQaYouWillGet100Marks
Similar Websites :
Pass4sure Certification ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
Pass4Sure test Questions and Dumps
TOEFL Reviews by Customers
Customer Reviews help to evaluate the exam performance in real test. Here all the reviews, reputation, success stories and ripoff reports provided.
100% Valid and Up to Date TOEFL Exam Questions
We hereby announce with the collaboration of world's leader in Certification Exam Dumps and Real Exam Questions with Practice Tests that, we offer Real Exam Questions of thousands of Certification Exams Free PDF with up to date VCE exam simulator Software.
Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug