Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : WHNP-BC
Exam Name : Womens Health Care Nurse Practitioner
Vendor Name : NCC
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WHNP-BC exam Format | WHNP-BC Course Contents | WHNP-BC Course Outline | WHNP-BC exam Syllabus | WHNP-BC exam Objectives


Exam Code: WHNP-BC
Exam Name: Women Health Nurse Practitioner
Certifying Body: National Certification Corporation (NCC)
Exam Format: Computer-based, multiple-choice questions
Number of Questions: 175 (150 scored, 25 unscored pretest questions)
Exam Duration: 3 hours
Passing Score: Scaled score of 555 (based on a range of 300–800)

- Health History and Physical Exam
- Health History
- Medical history
- Medication Reconciliation
- Surgical history
- Obstetric/Gynecologic history
- Allergies
- Health risks
- Family history
- Social history
- Sexual history
- Physical Exam
- Anthropometric (such as BMI, Weight, Height) measurements
- Vital signs
- HEENT
- Heart and lungs
- Breast
- Abdomen
- Reproductive (Female and Male)
- Colorectal
- Extremities
- Musculoskeletal
- Neurologic
- Endocrine
- Skin

- Diagnostic Studies
- Hematologic studies
- CBC and differential
- Blood typing and antibody screening
- Hemoglobin electrophoresis
- Diabetic testing (such as Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT), Hemoglobin A1C)
- Protein/Creatinine (PC) ratio
- Blood clotting studies
- Serologic screening (such as RPR, CMV, HSV, Toxo, HIV)
- Hormone studies
- Comprehensive metabolic panel
- Lipid profile
- Urinalysis/urine cultures
- Fecal occult blood testing
- Vaginal microscopy
- Cervical and vaginal cultures
- Testing and cultures for vaginal discharge and STIs
- Throat and skin cultures
- Cervical cytology and HPV testing
- Test for ruptured membranes
- Fetal fibronectin
- Biopsies (Endometrium, Cervix, Vulva, Breast)
- Genetic testing (Basic principles of genetic testing)
- screening tests for obstetrical patients
- ethnic specific genetic testing
- cancer genetic screening (BRCA 1 and 2)
- basic patterns of inheritance
- Hepatitis panel
- COVID testing
- Imaging Studies (Common indications for these studies)
- Ultrasonography
- Mammography
- Bone densitometry

- Problem Recognition, Management and Referral (Evaluation, diagnosis, treatment or referral)
- Skin
- Chronic and acute skin conditions
- vitiligo
- psoriasis
- eczema
- contact dermatitis
- tinea
- Lesions (benign and malignant)
- HEENT
- Conjunctivitis
- Rhinitis
- Pharyngitis
- Sinusitis
- Otitis
- Respiratory
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Upper respiratory Infection
- Cardiovascular
- Hypertension
- Thromboembolic disease (e.g. pulmonary embolism)
- Hyperlipidemia
- Gastrointestinal
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Constipation
- Hemorrhoids
- Upper & lower GI disorders
- IBS
- Genitourinary
- Urinary tract infection (e.g. cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis)
- Renal Stones
- Incontinence
- Musculoskeletal
- Back pain
- Osteoarthritis
- Sprains and strains
- Neurologic/Psychiatric
- Headaches
- Psychosocial
- Mental health
- Endocrine
- Diabetes
- Thyroid
- Hematologic
- Common anemias (e.g. iron deficiency, folate deficiency, thalassemia)
- Rheumatologic
- Common autoimmune disorders (fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, arthritis, RA, lupus)

- Health Screening, Education and Counseling (Risk Assessment, Disease Prevention, Counseling and National Screening Guidelines)
- Cancer screening (age appropriate)
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Hyperlipidemia
- Obesity/weight management
- Osteoporosis
- Healthy lifestyles
- diet
- nutrition
- exercise
- stress management
- Substance Use
- tobacco
- alcohol
- drugs
- Reproductive life planning
- Abuse and violence
- family
- sexual
- elder
- intimate partner violence
- Parenting
- Sexuality
- Gender identity
- Preconception counseling
- Immunization

- Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy and physiology of reproduction throughout the life cycle
- Menopause/Menarche

- Gynecologic – Disorders
- Evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, referral, counseling and/or education as appropriate
- Bartholin gland abscess/cyst
- Menstrual disorders (e.g. primary and secondary amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea)
- Vaginitis/vaginosis
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Pelvic pain
- Endometriosis
- Adenomyosis
- Adnexal masses
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
- Cervical and Endometrial Polyps
- Leiomyomata uteri
- Malignant disorders
- endometrium
- cervix
- ovarian
- vagina
- vulva
- Breast Disorders
- cancer
- fibroadenoma
- fibrocystic breast changes
- other benign disorders
- nipple discharge
- Breast augmentation/reduction
- Pelvic organ relaxation & prolapse
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- Urinary incontinence
- Vulvar dystrophies and dermatoses
- Müllerian defects

- Fertility Awareness and Contraception
- Fertility Awareness
- Infertility (e.g. etiologic factors, initial tests)
- Barrier methods
- Emergency contraception
- Pharmacologic methods
- oral
- injection
- implants
- transdermal
- vaginal rings
- vaginal gel
- intrauterine contraception
- Permanent methods -tubal occlusion -vasectomy
- Unintended Pregnancy
- options counseling
- pregnancy termination

- Sexual and Reproductive Health for Males LGBTQ+ and Gender Non-conforming Individuals
- Sexuality
- Contraception
- Infertility
- Sexually transmitted infections
- LGBTQ+ and gender nonconforming individuals
- Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy
- Normal fetal-placental development
- Alterations in maternal anatomy/physiology

- Prenatal Care
- Gestational age determination
- Risk exam
- Nutrition
- Immunizations
- Medication reconciliation
- Health guidance
- Screening tests
- Common discomforts of pregnancy
- Prenatal exam

- Assessment of Fetal Well Being
- Amniotic fluid index
- Biophysical and modified Biophysical Profile
- Genetic Screening and diagnostic tests
- Nonstress testing
- Ultrasound

- Medical and Obstetrical Complications of Pregnancy (Evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, referral, counseling and/or education as appropriate)
- Maternal medical disorders
- Diabetes
- STI/HIV
- Hypertension
- Epilepsy
- Substance use
- Alcohol Exposed Pregnancy (FASD)
- Thrombocytopenia
- Anemia
- Infection (hepatitis, viral illnesses)
- Thyroid
- Obesity
- GERD
- Perinatal mood disorders
- Pregnancy Specific Conditions
- Trophoblastic disease
- Placenta previa
- Abruptio placenta
- Placenta accreta
- Vasa previa
- Bleeding in pregnancy
- Cervical insufficiency
- Intrauterine fetal death
- Multiple gestation
- Gestational Diabetes
- Postdates
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Preterm labor
- Hyperemesis gravidarum
- Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
- Malpresentations
- Rh alloimmunization
- Coping with pregnancy loss
- Fetal growth aberrations (Fetal Growth Restriction, macrosomia)
- Thromboembolic disorders

- Postpartum Care and Complications
- Common physiological changes (involution, lactation)
- Postpartum care
- Care of perineal area
- Care of breasts
- Fatigue and sleep disturbances
- Lochia
- Breastfeeding/Lactogenesis
- Contraception
- Nutrition
- Emotional changes
- Postpartum complications
- Bladder distention & urinary retention
- Hematoma
- Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhoids
- Postpartum depression/psychosis
- Infection
- Thromboembolic disorders
- Endometritis
- Mastitis

- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetics (distribution, absorption, excretion and metabolism)
- Pharmacodynamics (mechanism of action, concentration and half-life)
- Pharmacogenetics
- Pharmacotherapeutics
- Side effects
- Drug interactions
- Contraindications
- Patient education
- Pregnancy and lactation safety
- Legal Issues
- Legal liability
- Consent
- Documentation/medical records
- Negligence/malpractice
- Patient confidentially
- Public policy
- Ethical Principles
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Non-maleficence
- Justice
- Safety
- Communication
- Interprofessional practice
- Quality Improvement
- Evidence-based practice
- Research Terminology
- Reliability
- Validity
- Significance
- Research Utilization



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug