Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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WSO2-CEID exam Format | WSO2-CEID Course Contents | WSO2-CEID Course Outline | WSO2-CEID exam Syllabus | WSO2-CEID exam Objectives
Exam Specification:
- exam Name: WSO2 Certified Enterprise Integrator 6 Developer (6.5 version)
- exam Code: WSO2-CEID
- exam Duration: 3 hours
- exam Format: Multiple-choice and practical exercises
Course Outline:
1. Introduction to WSO2 Enterprise Integrator (EI)
- Overview of WSO2 EI and its features
- Introduction to integration concepts and patterns
2. Developing Integration Solutions with WSO2 EI
- Understanding integration architecture and components
- Building integration solutions using WSO2 EI tooling
3. Working with Message Mediation
- Implementing message transformation and routing
- Configuring message mediation using WSO2 EI
4. Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Development
- Creating ESB artifacts and sequences
- Integrating with different transport protocols and message formats
5. API Management with WSO2 EI
- Designing and implementing APIs using WSO2 EI
- Managing APIs, security, and access control
6. Working with Data Integration
- Integrating with databases and data sources
- Performing data transformation and mapping
Exam Objectives:
1. Understand the key concepts and features of WSO2 Enterprise Integrator.
2. Develop integration solutions using WSO2 EI tooling.
3. Implement message mediation and routing using WSO2 EI.
4. Create and manage enterprise service bus (ESB) artifacts.
5. Design and implement APIs using WSO2 EI.
6. Perform data integration tasks with WSO2 EI.
Exam Syllabus:
The exam syllabus covers the following Topics (but is not limited to):
- Introduction to WSO2 Enterprise Integrator (EI)
- Developing Integration Solutions with WSO2 EI
- Working with Message Mediation
- Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Development
- API Management with WSO2 EI
- Working with Data Integration
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WSO2 6 course outline
Course Outlines and SyllabiCourse Outlines and SyllabiCourse Outlines A one-page course outline is required by university policy for every course offered by the Faculty of Health Sciences. Instructors will receive an email reminder through TRACS to upload their course outlines. Outlines must be available to students at least two weeks prior to the start of the registration period or two months before the semester begins (March, July and November). Note that the one-page outline is different than the syllabus. See below for syllabus information. Instructors upload their course outlines online. Please follow these instructions: 1. Log in to outlines.sfu.ca.2. Select semester, course and section. Click the round icon.3. Input data to the fields. (This can be done by free-format typing or cutting & pasting)4. Save.5. Scroll back up to the top of the page to confirm that the outline was saved successfully. (See green box)6. Once the outline is finalized, click “Continue”, go to the next page, and click “Submit”.7. The system will automatically advise the program assistant that the outline is ready to be activated.Before your outline is activated online, the program assistant will review to ensure that all required fields are complete. If you have taught the course before, you may want to use the previous outline as a starting point and make any desired changes. The course content should correspond to the SFU Calendar description. If it does not conform closely, you must apply for approval before any changes can be published. Contact the appropriate program assistant, depending on whether you are teaching an undergraduate or graduate course, if you have not taught a course before and would like a copy of a previous course outline for your reference, or if you would like to apply for approval to upload content that does not closely conform to the SFU Calendar description. Refer to this link to search for the archived course outlines: http://www.sfu.ca/outlines.html. The system has archived outlines starting from Fall 2015 onwards. Course Syllabi and Syllabus Policies Refer to the Policies and Procedures Related to Syllabi Review, Development and Distribution (this link requires your ID to login) for more guidance about drafting a syllabi and to locate a syllabi template. All HSCI courses at both the graduate and undergraduate levels must have a detailed syllabus that delineates course objectives and means of exam. Attached to this policy is a template to help you design of a syllabus so that it outlines the appropriate level of detail in terms of content, objectives, and exam tools. The recommended text in regards to grading distributions, student conduct, and other policies are also provided. All new and substantively updated/revised courses must be reviewed as indicated below. Syllabi submitted for review do not need to be in the final draft. The GSC and UGSC are generally concerned with the review of the following: 1) the statement of learning objectives; 2) an outline of topics; and 3) a list of required readings/texts. You will receive an email from the TRACS system to upload your syllabus, in accordance with the following schedule: Deadlines Fall Semester (September – December) Spring Semester (January – April) Summer Intersession (May – June) Summer Semester (May – August) New, revised courses, new instructors August 15 December 15 April 1 April 15 Ongoing courses not requiring review First day of semester First day of semester First day of semester First day of semester For new or substantially revised courses, feedback will be provided to instructors three weeks prior to the start of the term. Notably for graduate courses, where accreditation requirements demand that courses meet certain core competency requirements, it is expected that faculty will comply with requests for revision. The course syllabus represents a contract between the instructor and student. It is important that it clearly outlines expectations, grading and attendance policies, and appropriate student conduct guidelines to all students enrolled in the course. A syllabus does not need to be provided in hard copy and can be distributed through Canvas or through other online formats. The scheduling of Topics may be changed after the start of a term, but once the syllabus has been circulated to students, it is strongly advised not to make further changes to: a) grading policies; b) policies regarding student conduct and academic honesty; or c) the timing of key exams. For more resources and guidelines, refer to the links below: FHS course planning and syllabus checklist Sample course syllabus Syllabus template Certified Pharmaceutical Sales Representative Training CourseBackgroundIndustry experts have found that an aging population, emerging treatment methods and technology advances mean strong career prospects for well-qualified sales reps. Potential EarningsPayScale.com sets the average compensation package for entry-level representatives at $51,297 but also notes a significant upside for bonus compensation and long term growth.According to MedReps, total compensation for an experienced pharmaceutical sales reps can be up to $149,544 per year, with an average base of $92,698 and bonus. 6-week Program with Course CreditSummer 2023 Registration Closed.UMass Lowell (UML) has crafted this specific program to help college-bound first year students prepare for college, build community, and get a jump start on classes. Students can complete up to two courses during this program. This program is ideal for students who are seeking an opportunity to complete coursework prior to starting their college experience in the fall. In addition, students are supported with program-required student success seminars, tutoring, and regular check-ins on course progress by professional advisors. Program Dates: July 5 - August 14, 2023 Tuition Fee: Choose one or two courses from: Students can complete the program while living on campus or commuting. Students also participate in program-required Success Workshops that are designed to help students with their enrolled summer coursework. For an additional cost, students are able to live on campus in River Hawk Village for the 6-week Program. Scholarship opportunities may be available for those who qualify. To view their full list of summer coursework at UMass Lowell, please visit their UMass Lowell Online summer course offerings.* *Only the coursework listed with UMass Lowell Liftoff offered at discounted tuition rate. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug