Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : Watchguard-Essentials
Exam Name : Watchguard Essentials (WGU-Essentials)
Vendor Name : Watchguard
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Watchguard-Essentials exam Format | Watchguard-Essentials Course Contents | Watchguard-Essentials Course Outline | Watchguard-Essentials exam Syllabus | Watchguard-Essentials exam Objectives

Exam Name: WatchGuard Essentials
Exam Code: WGU-Essentials
Vendor: WatchGuard Technologies
Exam Duration: 60 minutes
Number of Questions: 50
Question Format: Multiple Choice, Multiple Response, True/False
Passing Score: 70%
Language: English
Exam Delivery: Online Proctored or In-Person at Authorized Testing Centers

- Firewall Fundamentals: Understanding the role of a firewall in network security.
- WatchGuard Firebox Overview: Features, models, and capabilities of WatchGuard Firebox appliances.
- Firewall Policies: Default policies, custom policies, and policy ordering.
- Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI): How WatchGuard inspects and filters traffic.
- Network Address Translation (NAT): Static NAT, dynamic NAT, and NAT traversal.

- Initial Firebox Configuration
- Setup Wizard: Using the Quick Setup Wizard for initial configuration.
- Network Interfaces: Configuring trusted, optional, and external interfaces.
- Default Policies: Understanding and modifying default firewall policies.
- Basic Routing: Static routes and default gateway configuration.
- Firebox Management: Accessing the Firebox via Web UI, WatchGuard System Manager (WSM), and CLI.

- WatchGuard System Manager (WSM)
- WSM Overview: Features and components of WatchGuard System Manager.
- Firebox Monitoring: Real-time monitoring of traffic, logs, and alerts.
- Configuration Management: Saving, restoring, and managing Firebox configurations.
- Logging and Reporting: Configuring log settings and generating reports.
- Policy Manager: Creating and managing firewall policies.

- Firewall Policies and Rules
- Policy Types: Understanding packet filter, proxy, and custom policies.
- Policy Actions: Allow, deny, and tunnel actions.
- Application Control: Managing application-layer traffic.
- User Authentication: Configuring authentication for policies (e.g., Firebox-DB, LDAP, RADIUS).
- Scheduled Policies: Applying policies based on time schedules.

- Network Security Features
- Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): Configuring and managing IPS to detect and prevent attacks.
- Gateway Antivirus (AV): Enabling and configuring antivirus scanning for HTTP, FTP, and SMTP traffic.
- Reputation Enabled Defense (RED): Blocking traffic from known malicious sources.
- WebBlocker: Filtering web traffic based on categories and URLs.
- Data Loss Prevention (DLP): Preventing sensitive data from leaving the network.

- VPN Configuration
- VPN Basics: Understanding site-to-site and mobile VPNs.
- Branch Office VPN (BOVPN): Configuring VPN tunnels between Fireboxes.
- Mobile VPN: Setting up Mobile VPN with SSL, IPSec, and L2TP.
- VPN Authentication: Using pre-shared keys and certificates for VPNs.
- VPN Monitoring: Monitoring VPN tunnels and troubleshooting connectivity.

- Advanced Firebox Features
- High Availability (HA): Configuring active-passive and active-active HA setups.
- Quality of Service (QoS): Prioritizing traffic based on policies.
- Dynamic DNS: Configuring Dynamic DNS for remote management.
- Traffic Management: Shaping and limiting bandwidth usage.
- Multicast Support: Enabling and managing multicast traffic.

- Troubleshooting and Maintenance
- Diagnostic Tools: Using tools like ping, traceroute, and packet capture.
- Log Analysis: Interpreting logs for troubleshooting.
- Firmware Updates: Upgrading Firebox firmware and WSM software.
- Backup and Restore: Backing up configurations and restoring them.
- Common Issues: Resolving connectivity, policy, and VPN issues.

- WatchGuard Cloud and Subscription Services
- WatchGuard Cloud Overview: Features and benefits of cloud-based management.
- Subscription Services: Understanding and managing security subscriptions (e.g., IPS, AV, WebBlocker).
- Dimension: Using WatchGuard Dimension for advanced reporting and analytics.
- Threat Detection and Response (TDR): Leveraging TDR for advanced threat detection.

- Security Best Practices
- Firewall Hardening: Securing the Firebox against unauthorized access.
- Policy Optimization: Creating efficient and effective firewall policies.
- Regular Audits: Conducting security audits and reviews.
- Incident Response: Responding to security incidents and breaches.

- Firebox: WatchGuard's firewall appliance.
- WSM (WatchGuard System Manager): Software for managing Firebox devices.
- BOVPN (Branch Office VPN): VPN for connecting remote offices.
- Mobile VPN: VPN for remote users.
- IPS (Intrusion Prevention System): Detects and prevents network attacks.
- Gateway AV (Antivirus): Scans incoming and outgoing traffic for malware.
- WebBlocker: Filters web traffic based on categories.
- RED (Reputation Enabled Defense): Blocks traffic from malicious sources.
- Dimension: WatchGuard's reporting and analytics platform.
- HA (High Availability): Ensures network uptime through redundancy.

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug