Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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New CVE-2023-3519 scanner detects hacked Citrix ADC, Gateway devices

Citrix

Mandiant has released a scanner to check if a Citrix NetScaler Application Delivery Controller (ADC) or NetScaler Gateway Appliance was compromised in widespread attacks exploiting the CVE-2023-3519 vulnerability. 

The critical CVE-2023-3519 Citrix flaw was discovered in mid-July 2023 as a zero-day, with hackers actively exploiting it to execute code remotely without authentication on vulnerable devices.

A week after Citrix made security updates to address the problem available, Shadowserver reported that there were still 15,000 internet-exposed appliances that hadn't applied the patches.

However, even for organizations that installed the security updates, the risk of being compromised remains, as the patch does not remove malware, backdoors, and webshells planted by the attackers in the post-compromise phase.

Today, Mandiant released a scanner that enables organizations to examine their Citrix ADC and Citrix Gateway devices for signs of compromise and post-exploitation activity.

"The tool is designed to do a best effort job at identifying existing compromises," reads Mandiant's post.

"It will not identify a compromise 100% of the time, and it will not tell you if a device is vulnerable to exploitation."

Mandian't Ctrix IOC Scanner must be run directly on a device or a mounted forensic image, as it will scan the local filesystem and configuration files for the presence of various IOCs.

When finished, the scanner will display a summary detailing if it encountered any signs of compromise, as shown below.

If it detects that the device was compromised, the scanner will display a detailed report listing the various indicators of compromise that were detected.

Some of the indicators of compromise that the scanner looks for on Citrix devices are listed below:

  • File system paths containing that may contain suspicious files:
  • /var/netscaler/logon/LogonPoint/uiareas
  • /var/netscaler/logon/LogonPoint/uiareas/*/
  • /netscaler/ns_gui/epa/scripts/*/
  • /netscaler/ns_gui/vpns/theme/default
  • /var/vpn/themes/
  • Known attacker or suspicious commands in the shell history:
  • whoami$
  • cat /flash/nsconfig/keys
  • ldapsearch
  • chmod +x /tmp
  • openssl des3
  • ping -c 1
  • cp /bin/sh
  • chmod +s /var
  • echo <?php
  • Files in NetScaler directories with contents matching known IOCs:
  • /var/vpn/theme/.theme.php
  • /var/tmp/the
  • /var/tmp/npc
  • /var/tmp/conf/npc.conf
  • /var/tmp/conf/multi_account.conf
  • Files with suspicious permissions or ownership, such as unusual setuid binaries.
  • Crontab files for the 'nobody' user.
  • Historical cron jobs running as 'nobody'.
  • Suspicious running processes running as 'nobody' or running from '/var/tmp'.
  • More details on using the scanner tool and interpreting the results can be found on Mandiant's GitHub repository for the project.

    If the scanner reveals signs of compromise, it is recommended to perform a complete forensic examination on the impacted appliances and network parts to evaluate the scope and extent of the breach, which requires a different set of tools.

    It is important to note that a negative result should not be taken as a certain that a system hasn't been compromised, as attackers still have many ways to hide their traces and, in many cases, had ample time to do so.

    "Log files on the system with evidence of compromise may have been truncated or rolled, the system may have been rebooted, an attacker may have tampered with the system to remove evidence of compromise and/or installed a rootkit that masks evidence of compromise." - Mandiant

    It is recommended to run the scanner on all appliances exposed to the internet while running a vulnerable firmware version at any time.

    The scanner was designed to be used with Citrix ADC and Citrix Gateway versions 12.0, 12.1, 13.0, and 13.1.


    Hundreds of Citrix Endpoints Compromised With Webshells

    Around 600 global Citrix servers have been compromised by a zero-day exploit enabling webshells to be installed, according to a non-profit tracking the ongoing campaign.

    The Shadowserver Foundation tweeted on 2 August that the number of impacted endpoints stood at 581, but the figure is thought to be just the tip of the iceberg.

    The biggest number of impacted IPs are based in Germany, followed by France and Switzerland.

    As reported by Infosecurity last week, the malicious campaign exploits zero-day vulnerability CVE-2023-3519 to compromise NetScaler ADC (formerly Citrix ADC) and NetScaler Gateway servers.

    Subscribe to the Infosecurity Magazine newsletter here. 

    Vulnerability Patching 

    The unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability was patched by Citrix on July 15 and has a CVSS score of 9.8.

    “Exploits of CVE-2023-3519 on unmitigated appliances have been observed,” Citrix warned at the time. “Cloud Software Group strongly urges affected customers of NetScaler ADC and NetScaler Gateway to install the relevant updated versions as soon as possible.”

    At the time, Citrix also patched two other vulnerabilities: reflected cross-site scripting bug CVE-2023-3466, and CVE-2023-3467, which enables privilege escalation to root administrator.

    Warning from Shadowserver 

    The Shadowserver Foundation, which monitors malicious internet activity across the globe, alerted Citrix users to the campaign last week. It warned that over 15,000 NetScaler ADC and NetScaler Gateway servers were at risk of compromise, with the biggest number based in the US, followed by Germany, the UK and Australia.

    Read more on Citrix vulnerabilities: Citrix Admins Urged to Act as PoC Exploits Surface

    The zero-day was originally exploited to drop webshells onto an unnamed US critical infrastructure organization’s non-production environment, according to the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).

    “The webshell enabled the actors to perform discovery on the victim’s active directory (AD) and collect and exfiltrate AD data,” it continued. “The actors attempted to move laterally to a domain controller but network segmentation controls for the appliance blocked movement.”

    That attack happened back in June 2023.

    Editorial image credit: Ken Wolter / Shutterstock.com


    Mandiant Releases Scanner to Identify Compromised NetScaler ADC, Gateway

    With thousands of Citrix networking products vulnerable to a critical vulnerability still unpatched and exposed on the Internet, Mandiant has released a tool to help enterprise defenders identify those that have been compromised.

    The IoC Scanner is designed to be used with Citrix ADC and Citrix Gateway version 13.1, Citrix ADC and Citrix Gateway version 13.0, Citrix ADC and Citrix Gateway version 12.1, Citrix ADC, and Citrix Gateway version 12.0.

    Citrix issued a patch for the zero-day critical vulnerability (CVE-2023-3519) in its NetScaler application delivery controller and gateway products on July 18, along with a recommendation for organizations using the affected products to apply it immediately. The vuln could be exploited to allow unauthenticated remote code execution. Several threat groups are already actively exploiting the flaw by installing web shells inside of corporate networks and carrying out dozens of exploits.

    Researchers say that nearly 7,000 instances remain exposed on the Web. Of those, around 460 have Web shells installed, likely due to compromise.

    Mandiant's tool, available on GitHub, can identify the file system paths of known malware, post-exploitation activity in shell history, unexpected crontab entries and processes, and known malicious terms and unexpected modification of NetScaler directories. The standalone Bash script can be run directly on a Citrix ADC appliance to scan files, processes, and ports for known indicators. (The tool must be run as root in live mode on the appliance.) It can also inspect a mounted forensic image to use in an investigation, Mandiant said.

    The IoC Scanner will do a "best-effort job" at identifying compromised products, but it may not be able to find all compromised devices or be able to whether the device is vulnerable to exploitation, Mandiant said. "This tool is not guaranteed to find all evidence of compromise, or all evidence of compromise related to CVE 2023-3519," according to the company.

    Keep up with the latest cybersecurity threats, newly-discovered vulnerabilities, data breach information, and emerging trends. Delivered daily or weekly right to your email inbox.

    Subscribe
     


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug