Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor MCQs : Download 100% Free ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor exam Questions (PDF and VCE)

Exam Number : ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor
Exam Name : PECB Certified ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor
Vendor Name : PECB
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ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor exam Format | ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor Course Contents | ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor Course Outline | ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor exam Syllabus | ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor exam Objectives


Exam Specification: ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor (PECB Certified ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor)

Exam Name: ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor (PECB Certified ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor)
Exam Code: ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor
Exam Duration: 3 hours
Passing Score: Not specified
Exam Format: Multiple-choice

Course Outline:

1. Introduction to Information Security Management Systems (ISMS)
- Understanding the principles and concepts of information security
- Overview of ISO/IEC 27001 and its requirements
- Roles and responsibilities of an ISMS lead auditor

2. Planning and Initiating an ISO/IEC 27001 Audit
- Establishing the audit objectives- scope- and criteria
- Developing an audit plan and schedule
- Conducting the opening meeting with auditees

3. Conducting an ISO/IEC 27001 Audit
- Gathering and evaluating audit evidence
- Interviewing auditees and conducting site visits
- Documenting audit findings and observations

4. Audit Reporting and Communication
- Preparing and issuing an audit report
- Communicating audit findings to relevant stakeholders
- Addressing corrective actions and follow-up activities

5. Audit Follow-up and Closure
- Evaluating the effectiveness of corrective actions
- Verifying compliance with ISO/IEC 27001 requirements
- Finalizing the audit and preparing for closure

Exam Objectives:

1. Understand the principles and concepts of information security management.
2. Familiarize oneself with the ISO/IEC 27001 standard and its requirements.
3. Plan and initiate an ISO/IEC 27001 audit effectively.
4. Conduct an ISO/IEC 27001 audit- including gathering and evaluating audit evidence.
5. Report audit findings and communicate them to relevant stakeholders.
6. Follow up on audit findings and verify the effectiveness of corrective actions.
7. Close the audit process and ensure compliance with ISO/IEC 27001 requirements.

Exam Syllabus:

Section 1: Introduction to Information Security Management Systems (10%)
- Information security principles and concepts
- Overview of ISO/IEC 27001 and its requirements
- Role of an ISMS lead auditor

Section 2: Planning and Initiating an ISO/IEC 27001 Audit (20%)
- Audit objectives- scope- and criteria
- Development of an audit plan and schedule
- Conducting the opening meeting with auditees

Section 3: Conducting an ISO/IEC 27001 Audit (40%)
- Gathering and evaluating audit evidence
- Interviewing auditees and conducting site visits
- Documentation of audit findings and observations

Section 4: Audit Reporting and Communication (15%)
- Preparation and issuance of an audit report
- Communication of audit findings to stakeholders
- Addressing corrective actions and follow-up activities

Section 5: Audit Follow-up and Closure (15%)
- Evaluation of corrective actions' effectiveness
- Verification of compliance with ISO/IEC 27001 requirements
- Finalization of the audit and closure

Complete exam Objectives:
-------------------------
- Domain 1: Fundamental principles and concepts of an information security management system (ISMS)
- understand and explain the main concepts of the information security management system
- understand and explain the organizations operations and the development of information security standards
- identify- analyze- and evaluate the information security compliance requirements for an organization
- explain and illustrate the main concepts in information security and information security risk management
- distinguish and explain the difference between information asset- data and record
- understand- interpret- and illustrate the relationship between information security aspects such as controls- vulnerabilities- threats- risks- and assets
- illustrate big data- artificial intelligence- machine learning- cloud computing- and outsourcing operations

- Domain 2: Information security management system (ISMS)
- understanding the ISO/IEC 27001 requirements and the structure of the standard
- understanding the components of an information security management system based on ISO/IEC 27001 and its principal processes
- understand- interpret- and analyze the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001
- understanding whether the organization has satisfied the needs of the interested parties
- understand- explain- and illustrate the main steps to establish- implement- operate- monitor- review- maintain- and Boost an organizations ISMS
- understanding the risk exam approach and methodology
- understanding the selection of appropriate controls based upon Annex A of ISO/IEC 27001

- Domain 3: Fundamental audit concepts and principles
- understand- explain- and illustrate the application of the audit principles in an ISMS audit
- differentiate first- second- and third party audits
- identify and judge situations that would discredit the professionalism of the auditor and violate the PECB Code of Ethics
- identify and judge ethical issues considering the obligations related to the audit client- auditee- law enforcement- and regulatory authorities
- understanding the legal implications related to any irregularities committed by the auditee
- understanding the impact of trends and technology in auditing
- explain- illustrate- and apply the audit evidence approach in the context of an ISMS audit
- explain and compare evidence types and their characteristics
- determine and justify the type and amount of evidence required in an ISMS audit

- Domain 4: Preparing an ISO/IEC 27001 audit
- determine and evaluate the level of materiality and apply the risk-based approach during the different stages of an ISMS audit
- judge the appropriate level of reasonable assurance needed for an ISMS audit
- understand and illustrate the steps and activities to prepare an ISMS audit considering the specific context of the audit
- understand and explain the roles and responsibilities of the audit team leader- audit team members- and technical experts
- determine and evaluate the level of materiality during the different stages of an ISMS audit
- determine the audit feasibility
- determine- evaluate- and confirm the audit objectives- the audit criteria- and the audit scope for an ISMS audit
- explain- illustrate- and define the characteristics of the terms of the audit engagement and apply the best practices to establish the initial contact with an auditee

- Domain 5: Conducting an ISO/IEC 27001 audit
- conduct the stage 1 audit- taking into account the documented information evaluation criteria
- organize and conduct an opening meeting
- conduct the stage 2 audit by appropriately following the procedures that this stage entails
- apply the best practices of communication to collect the appropriate audit evidence
- consider the roles and responsibilities of all the interested parties involved
- explain- illustrate- and apply evidence collection procedures and tools
- explain- illustrate- and apply the main audit sampling methods
- gather appropriate evidence from the available information during an audit and evaluate it objectively
- explain- illustrate- and apply the audit evidence approach in an ISMS audit
- develop audit working papers and elaborate appropriate audit test plans in an ISMS audit
- explain and apply the evidence evaluation process: drafting audit findings
- understand- explain- and illustrate the concept of the benefit of the doubt
- report appropriate audit observations in accordance with audit rules and principles
- conduct quality reviews to audit documentation
- complete audit working documents

- Domain 6: Closing an ISO/IEC 27001 audit
- explain and apply the evidence evaluation process: preparing audit conclusions
- justify the recommendation for certification
- draft and present audit conclusions
- organize and conduct a closing meeting
- write and distribute an ISO/IEC 27001 audit report
- evaluate action plans

- Domain 7: Managing an ISO/IEC 27001 audit program
- conduct the activities following an initial audit- including audit follow-ups and surveillance activities
- understand and explain the establishment of an audit program and the application of the PDCA cycle into an audit program
- understand and explain the importance of protecting the integrity- availability- and confidentiality of audit records and the auditors responsibilities in this regard
- understand and explain the responsibilities to protect the integrity- availability and confidentiality of audit records
- understand the requirements related to the components of the management system of an audit program as quality management- record management- complaint management
- understand and explain the way that the combined audits are handled in an audit program
- understand the documented information management process
- understand the process of evaluating the efficiency of the audit program by monitoring the performance of each auditor and audit team member
- demonstrate the application of the personal attributes and behaviors associated with professional auditors



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug