Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : A00-280
Exam Name : Clinical Trials Programming Using SAS 9
Vendor Name : SASInstitute
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A00-280 exam Format | A00-280 Course Contents | A00-280 Course Outline | A00-280 exam Syllabus | A00-280 exam Objectives
Test Detail:
The A00-280 Clinical Trials Programming Using SAS 9 test is administered by SAS Institute. It is designed to assess the knowledge and skills of individuals in clinical trials programming using SAS software. Here is a detailed overview of the test, including the number of questions and time, course outline, exam objectives, and exam syllabus.
Number of Questions and Time:
The A00-280 test consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions that evaluate your understanding of clinical trials programming using SAS 9. The total number of questions and the time limit for the test may vary, but typically, the test includes:
- Number of Questions: Approximately 55 to 65 questions
- Time Limit: 105 to 120 minutes
Course Outline:
The A00-280 course covers a wide range of courses related to clinical trials programming using SAS 9. The course outline may include, but is not limited to, the following areas:
1. Introduction to SAS and Clinical Trials:
- SAS programming basics and syntax
- Introduction to clinical trials and the role of programming
2. Data Manipulation and Management:
- Importing and exporting data using SAS
- Data cleaning and validation
- Combining and merging datasets
3. Data Analysis and Reporting:
- Creating summary statistics and tables
- Generating patient profiles and listings
- Creating graphs and charts
4. Clinical Trials Programming Concepts:
- Clinical trial terminology and regulations
- CDISC (Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium) standards
- Quality control and validation of clinical trial data
5. SAS Macros:
- Introduction to SAS macros and macro variables
- Creating and using macros in clinical trials programming
- Automation and efficiency techniques using macros
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the A00-280 test include:
- Assessing the candidate's knowledge of SAS programming fundamentals and syntax.
- Evaluating the ability to manipulate and manage clinical trial data using SAS.
- Testing the proficiency in analyzing and reporting clinical trial data using SAS.
- Assessing the understanding of clinical trials programming concepts and standards, including CDISC.
Exam Syllabus:
The A00-280 test syllabus covers various courses related to clinical trials programming using SAS 9, including, but not limited to:
- SAS programming fundamentals
- Importing and exporting data
- Data cleaning and validation
- Combining and merging datasets
- Creating summary statistics and tables
- Generating patient profiles and listings
- Creating graphs and charts for data visualization
- CDISC standards and implementation
- Quality control and validation of clinical trial data
- SAS macros and automation techniques
Note: The specific content and emphasis within each subject may vary, and it is recommended to consult the official SAS Institute materials or authorized study resources for the most accurate and up-to-date syllabus.
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SASInstitute 9 Questions and Answers
Structured questions and short answer questionsQuestions with 1, 2, 3 or 4 marks usually start with command words. If a question starts with the command word 'state', 'give', 'name' or 'write down', it needs a short answer only. This type of question can often be answered with one word or phrase. It is important to state, give, name or write down the number of things that the question asks for. If you write down fewer, you cannot get all the marks. If you write down more, and one is wrong, you might lose a mark. Some questions start with the command words 'describe', 'explain' or 'compare'. These are often worth two or more marks: More complex structured questions will be worth three or four marks. They include questions with complex descriptions and explanations, and questions in which you need to compare things. Three and four-mark questions usually require longer answers than one and two-mark questions. Some of the answers are shown here as bullet points. This is to show clearly how a mark can be obtained. However, do not use bullet points in your answers - the points must be linked together logically. Summer 2020 Semester mock exam for StudentsBecause of the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, for the Summer 2020 semester (Summer 14-Week Session, Summer May Session, Summer 10-Week Session, Summer A Session (7-Week), and Summer B Session (7-Week)), students will again have the option of selecting a Pass/Fail grading method instead of the standard letter grade method, with certain exceptions. The letter grade method remains the default grading method if a student does not select the Pass/Fail grading option. CTET Answer Key with Question Paper 2023 PDF: obtain Solved Paper 1, Paper 2 Set A/B/C/DCTET Answer Key with Question Paper 2023 PDF Download: Get CTET Paper 1 and Paper 2 with answer Keys of the Central Teacher Eligibility Test exam held on August 20, 2023, in offline mode for all the sets - A, B, C, and D. The 17th edition of the CTET exam 2023 was held in 20 languages. CTET Answer Key with Question Paper 2023 PDF Download CTET Answer Key with Question Paper 2023 PDF Download: CTET 2023 exam was successfully conducted today, August 20, 2023, in offline mode. Paper-1 was held in the morning shift (9:30 AM to 12:00 Noon) and Paper-2 was held in the afternoon shift (2:30 PM to 5:00 PM). All the questions asked will be in the objective MCQ format and there will be no negative marking for wrong answers. Below is the exam pattern followed by CBSE in the CTET 2023 exam: CTET Paper 1 exam Pattern 2023 Subject No. of MCQs Maximum Marks Duration Child Development and Pedagogy 30 MCQs 30 Marks 2 hours and 30 minutes Language I (Compulsory) 30 MCQs 30 Marks Language II (Compulsory) 30 MCQs 30 Marks Mathematics 30 MCQs 30 Marks Environmental Studies 30 MCQs 30 Marks Total 150 MCQs 150 Marks CTET Paper 2 exam Pattern 2023 Subject No. of MCQs Maximum Marks Duration Child Development and Pedagogy 30 MCQs 30 Marks 2 hours and 30 minutes Language I (Compulsory) 30 MCQs 30 Marks Language II (Compulsory) 30 MCQs 30 Marks Mathematics and Science (for Mathematics and Science teacher) OR (v) Social Studies/Social Science (for Social Studies/Social Science teacher) For any other teacher - either (IV) or (V) 60 MCQs 60 Marks Total 150 MCQs 150 Marks In this article, they have shared the question paper of the CTET exam 2023. The answer key for the CTET 2023 Paper-1 has been shared below the question paper. The official CTET 2023 Answer Key will be released after a few days of the exam. ![]() So, let’s have a look at the CTET 2023 Paper-1 and Answer Key: CTET Question Paper and Answer Key 2023: Paper 1 PDF DownloadDownload the CTET question paper and answer key 2023 for Paper-1 which is for the candidates who intend to be a teacher for Classes I to V: CTET Paper 1 Question Paper and Answer Key 2023 CTET Paper 1 Question Paper (Set-A/B/C/D) Download PDF CTET Paper 1 Answer Key (Set-A/B/C/D) Download PDF CTET Question Paper and Answer Key 2023: Paper 2 PDF DownloadDownload the CTET question paper and answer key 2023 for Paper-2 which is for the candidates who intend to be a teacher for Classes VI to VIII: CTET Paper 2 Question Paper and Answer Key 2023 CTET Paper 2 Question Paper (Set-A/B/C/D) Download PDF CTET Paper 2 Answer Key (Set-A/B/C/D) Download PDF Language of the CTET Question Paper 2023The main question paper shall be Bilingual (Hindi/English). The Language I and II questions will be asked from the language chosen by the candidate: Language Code No. Language Code No. English 01 Marathi 11 Hindi 02 Mizo 12 Assamese 03 Nepali 13 Bengali 04 Oriya 14 Garo 05 Punjabi 15 Gujarati 06 Sanskrit 16 Kannada 07 Tamil 17 Khasi 08 Telugu 18 Malayalam 09 Tibetan 19 Manipuri 10 Urdu 20 Highlights of CTET Exam 2023- CTET Dec 2023 Exam is being in offline mode across 184 exam centres in India. - Each question carries an equal 1 mark in Paper-1 and Paper-2. - 150 questions will be asked in 150 minutes to complete the test (Paper-1 & Paper-2 each). - There will be no negative marking for the wrong answers. Check here CTET answer key CTET Official Answer Key 2023The CBSE will display the provisional CTET answer key of Paper-1 and Paper-2 on the CTET official website - ctet.nic.in. The board will provide an opportunity for the candidates to challenge the provisional answer keys with a non-refundable prescribed fee as processing charges. The provisional answer keys are likely to be displayed for two to three days. Only paid challenges made during the stipulated time will be considered. The board’s decision on the challenges shall be final and no further communication will be entertained. CBSE will not inform the candidates individually about their challenges. The subject experts will examine all the challenges received and then the final answer keys will be displayed. The result will be declared according to the final answer keys. Also Check; FAQ Q1. Where will the CTET Question Paper and Answer Key 2023 be released officially?The CTET Question Paper and Answer Key 2023 will be released officially at the website - ctet.nic.in. Q2. When will the official CTET Answer Key 2023 be released?The official CTET 2023 Answer Key will be released after a few days of the CTET exam 2023. Q3. In how many languages the CTET 2023 exam is being held?The main CTET question paper shall be Bilingual (Hindi/English). 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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug