Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : ACMA-6.4
Exam Name : Aruba Certified Mobility Associate 6.4
Vendor Name : Aruba
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ACMA-6.4 exam Format | ACMA-6.4 Course Contents | ACMA-6.4 Course Outline | ACMA-6.4 exam Syllabus | ACMA-6.4 exam Objectives
Test Detail:
The Aruba Certified Mobility Associate (ACMA) 6.4 exam is a certification exam that validates the knowledge and skills required to configure, manage, and troubleshoot Aruba wireless networks. The exam assesses candidates' understanding of Aruba Mobility fundamentals and their ability to apply this knowledge in real-world scenarios. Here is a detailed description of the test, including the number of questions and time allocation, course outline, exam objectives, and exam syllabus.
Number of Questions and Time:
The ACMA-6.4 exam consists of approximately 60 multiple-choice questions. The time allocated for the exam is 90 minutes. It's important to manage your time effectively to ensure you can answer all the questions within the given timeframe.
Course Outline:
The ACMA-6.4 course covers a wide range of subjects related to Aruba Mobility and wireless networking. The course outline typically includes the following areas:
1. Aruba Mobility Fundamentals:
- Introduction to Aruba Networks
- Overview of Aruba Mobility Controllers and Access Points
- Aruba Mobility Architecture and Key Components
- Aruba Instant Access Points
2. WLAN Planning and Design:
- Wireless LAN (WLAN) fundamentals
- RF fundamentals and site surveys
- WLAN planning and design best practices
- RF interference and mitigation techniques
3. Aruba Controller Configuration and Management:
- Aruba Mobility Controller configuration and management
- WLAN security and authentication
- VLANs and network segmentation
- Quality of Service (QoS) in WLANs
4. WLAN Security and Authentication:
- Authentication methods (PSK, 802.1X, Captive Portal)
- Access Control Lists (ACLs) and Firewall Policies
- Guest Access and External Captive Portal Configuration
- Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
5. Monitoring and Troubleshooting:
- Aruba AirWave management platform
- Monitoring and troubleshooting tools and techniques
- RF spectrum analysis and troubleshooting
- WLAN and client troubleshooting
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the ACMA-6.4 exam are to evaluate candidates' knowledge and skills in the following areas:
1. Understanding Aruba Networks and Mobility fundamentals.
2. Configuring and managing Aruba Mobility Controllers and Access Points.
3. Planning and designing WLAN deployments using best practices.
4. Implementing WLAN security mechanisms and authentication methods.
5. Monitoring and troubleshooting Aruba wireless networks.
Exam Syllabus:
The exam syllabus for the ACMA-6.4 exam provides a detailed breakdown of the subjects and subtopics that candidates should study. The syllabus may include:
1. Aruba Networks Architecture:
- Aruba products and solutions
- ArubaOS and software feature sets
- Aruba licensing and support options
2. Aruba Controller Configuration and Management:
- Controller discovery and initial configuration
- WLAN configuration and provisioning
- User authentication and security settings
- VLAN and network configuration
3. WLAN Security and Authentication:
- WLAN security modes (WPA, WPA2, etc.)
- RADIUS and 802.1X authentication
- Guest access and captive portal configuration
- Firewall policies and ACL configuration
4. RF Fundamentals and Site Surveys:
- RF fundamentals (channels, power levels, etc.)
- Site survey planning and execution
- Interference identification and mitigation
5. Monitoring and Troubleshooting:
- Aruba AirWave management platform
- WLAN monitoring and reporting
- Troubleshooting WLAN connectivity issues
- Spectrum analysis and troubleshooting
Candidates should refer to the official Aruba ACMA-6.4 exam documentation and study materials provided by Aruba Networks to ensure they have the most up-to-date information on the exam format, content coverage, and requirements. It is recommended to allocate sufficient time for exam preparation, which may include hands-on practice with Aruba equipment, reviewing technical documentation, and taking practice exams to assess knowledge and readiness for the certification exam.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug