Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam: AVA Accredited Valuation Analyst
Exam Details:
- Number of Questions: The exam consists of multiple-choice questions and case studies.
- Time: Candidates are given a specified amount of time to complete the exam.
Course Outline:
The AVA Accredited Valuation Analyst course is designed to provide candidates with a comprehensive understanding of business valuation principles and practices. The course outline includes the following topics:
1. Introduction to Business Valuation
- Overview of business valuation concepts
- Purpose and approaches to valuation
- Legal and ethical considerations in valuation
2. Financial Statement Analysis
- Understanding financial statements and their relevance in valuation
- Analyzing financial ratios and indicators
- Adjusting financial statements for valuation purposes
3. Valuation Approaches and Methods
- Income approach: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis
- Market approach: Comparable company analysis and transaction analysis
- Asset approach: Adjusted net asset value method
4. Cost of Capital and Discount Rates
- Estimating the cost of equity and debt
- Calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
- Applying discount rates in valuation models
5. Valuation Adjustments and Considerations
- Considering control and marketability discounts
- Evaluating synergies and premiums
- Addressing specific valuation issues and challenges
6. Valuation Report Writing
- Structure and content of a valuation report
- Communicating valuation findings effectively
- Adhering to professional standards and guidelines
Exam Objectives:
The AVA Accredited Valuation Analyst exam aims to assess candidates' knowledge and understanding of business valuation principles and their ability to apply valuation methods and techniques effectively. The exam objectives include:
1. Demonstrating knowledge of business valuation concepts, approaches, and methods.
2. Applying financial statement analysis techniques to assess the financial performance and position of a company.
3. Utilizing appropriate valuation approaches and methods to determine the value of a business or its assets.
4. Understanding and calculating the cost of capital and discount rates for valuation purposes.
5. Incorporating necessary adjustments and considerations in the valuation process.
6. Writing clear, concise, and well-structured valuation reports that meet professional standards.
Exam Syllabus:
The exam syllabus covers the following topics:
- Introduction to Business Valuation
- Overview of business valuation concepts
- Purpose and approaches to valuation
- Legal and ethical considerations in valuation
- Financial Statement Analysis
- Understanding financial statements and their relevance in valuation
- Analyzing financial ratios and indicators
- Adjusting financial statements for valuation purposes
- Valuation Approaches and Methods
- Income approach: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis
- Market approach: Comparable company analysis and transaction analysis
- Asset approach: Adjusted net asset value method
- Cost of Capital and Discount Rates
- Estimating the cost of equity and debt
- Calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
- Applying discount rates in valuation models
- Valuation Adjustments and Considerations
- Considering control and marketability discounts
- Evaluating synergies and premiums
- Addressing specific valuation issues and challenges
- Valuation Report Writing
- Structure and content of a valuation report
- Communicating valuation findings effectively
- Adhering to professional standards and guidelines
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Financial Valuation PDF Download
PDF Solutions: Farfetched Valuation Should Worry Investors![]() SweetBunFactory Investment RundownSo far in 2023 PDF Solutions, Inc. (NASDAQ:PDFS) has had a fantastic start with the share price up nearly 60%. The runup has however caused the valuation to skyrocket and the FWD p/e sits at over 60x. It is very rare for a company to ever be able to justify such a high multiple, and in my opinion, PDFS doesn't do a good enough job doing just that. Estimates are optimistic about the bottom-line growth, but I still find that the downside risks are plenty more than the potentials right now. PDFS is a company that provides software and physical intellectual property products aimed at electrical measurement hardware tools. The market is international and some of the key drivers behind this exact growth is the importance that data and analytics are having for the market. This optimistic outlook has like I’ve mentioned made the valuation skyrocket and I think for investors looking at a value play, PDFS is nothing of the sort. The price needs to come down drastically for a buy case to be possible. Until then I find PDFS to be a hold. Company SegmentsPDF Solutions was founded back in 1991 and has grown into a state as of now with a market cap of $1.6 billion. The company focuses on providing customers with comprehensive data solutions aimed at empowering organizations across the globe in the semiconductor ecosystem. The semiconductor industry has experienced a lot of hype in exact months, with NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA) taking the lead. PDFS seems to have been caught up with that momentum seeing as they serve the industry. ![]() Market Growth (Earnings Presentation) The growing importance of data and analytics is creating a large market for PDFS to tap into. By 2027 the market for Data & Analytics in Semis & Electronics is set to be valued at $32 billion, up significantly from the $18 billion valuation it had in 2020. Capturing this growth will come down to an efficient market position from the side of PDFS. The trends are also highlighting the fact that more and more companies are expecting to start prioritizing data and analytics even further in the coming years. This could provide PDFS with more markets to tap into, and seemingly this potential has been what results in the quite absurd valuation it currently has. ![]() Company Overview (Earnings Presentation) Where PDFS has been able to set itself apart has come down to its unique set of offerings across several service areas. The broad coverage that PDFS has lends it to be able to service a large and diversified customer base that is growing too. What PDFS offers comes down to helping bridge the gap between supply chain stacks and enabling a smarter manufacturing line, resulting in better margins for clients of PDFS. Markets They Are InSeeing as PDFS servers and works with the semiconductors industry I think coming earnings reports will show a lot of volatility. The industry has 1.5 more volatility compared to the S&P 500. This comes as demand and loss of demand can be short-lived. Companies see an influx of capital as orders amount, but after building up inventory levels, the demand shifts and the priority lies in depleting inventories rather than maintaining them. ![]() TAM Size (Earnings Presentation) However, the market size for PDFS is steadily growing and this is offsetting some of the otherwise volatility of the industry and demand. A steady trend upward seems to be the case going forward, fueled by an increased move towards cloud-based solutions and more adoption of connectivity products primarily in factory equipment. Earnings HighlightsBack in May, they got the Q1 report from the company and in a few weeks, they are set to get the Q2 results from PDFS, on August 8. Ever since the first report of 2023, the share price has been on a steady trajectory upwards it seems with no sign of slowing down. The revenues grew by 22% YoY which is impressive but honestly not fast enough to make a p/s of 9.7 make any sense. It is still far too high of a premium to pay, even if PDFS comes off as a growth company right now. ![]() Revenue Statement (Earnings Report) Diving deeper into the earnings they see that the largest portion of revues comes from the analytics segment. QoQ growth was quite disappointing, basically flat and the smallest segment, Integrated Yield Ramp saw a decline in revenues compared to Q4 2022. The lower R&D expense though for Q1 seems to have significantly helped the bottom line, decreasing about $1 million YoY. What has had investors optimistic is the fact that PDFS has been able to scale very well in just 12 months and the cost of revenues remains larger than the same, but revenues of course much higher. ![]() EPS History (Seeking Alpha) For Q2 the predictions are that PDFS is going to produce an EPS of $0.15 per share. Historically they have had a fantastic reputation for beating out on earnings. A beat on the Q2 EPS might justify the current valuation for the market. But I am still not comfortable buying at these prices as I have made it clear. A p/e around 30x seems more reasonable given the growth and being able to get in at a great price point. That would be a target price of $19.8 per share, over 50% less than the current price. I find it unlikely they reach that point which makes me have a hold rating for the company. RisksAnalyzing the momentum of PDF Solutions' stock reveals its robust growth, which has been fueled in part by the excitement surrounding the AI hype in the market. However, as the company's valuation has already factored in high expectations, there might be challenges ahead in sustaining this growth trajectory. The semiconductor industry, in which PDF Solutions operates, is known for its inherent risks and uncertainties. While the application of AI and advanced technologies bring promising opportunities, it also introduces potential pitfalls that PDFS and other semiconductor companies should be mindful of. Furthermore, the semiconductor industry is highly competitive, with companies vying for market share and technological leadership. Rapid advancements in technology and innovation can quickly render existing products obsolete, leading to a loss of market relevance and decreased profitability. Final WordsPDFS has been very active in growing its customer base and the revenues have grown increasingly over the last 12 months. For investors seeking an undervalued play, PDFS is not there right now. The FWD p/e is over 60 and being in a volatile market there is always the risk of a slowdown in revenues I think. That shouldn't translate to such a high multiple. But as the overall outlook for data analytics looks solid, a hold rating will be my verdict for PDFS. CBSE Financial Statements 2 Class 11 Mind Map for Chapter 9 of Accountancy, download PDFCBSE Financial Statements 2 Mind Map: View and download here the brainstorming concept map for CBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 9 Financial Statements II in PDF format. Download PDF for CBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 9 Financial Statements 2 Mind Map CBSE Class 11 Accountancy Mind Map Financial Statements 2: The commerce stream is one of the three main streams at the senior school level. It deals with business and financial subjects. Consequently, accountancy, which is the practice of recording, classifying and reporting on transactions for a business, is a key subject in commerce. Students need to be proficient in accountancy if they wish to pursue finance or economics-related careers. As such, class 11 becomes important for students as it’s where all the fundamentals of accountancy are introduced. Accountancy is an analytical subject that demands a strong conceptual base and consistent practice. Mathematics is also used in many concepts of accountancy. One great way of studying the subjects is through mind maps. A great way to Strengthen your learning ability is by using mind maps. ![]() We have covered the CBSE class 11 accountancy mind maps of all chapters here at Jagran Josh. You can view and download the financial statements II mind map pdf below. Related: CBSE Class 11 Accountancy Syllabus 2024: Class 11th Accountancy Syllabus download PDF CBSE Class 11 Syllabus 2023-2024: download Class 11th Syllabus PDF Mind maps are infographic tools that present concepts in an easy-to-understand manner using diagrams and flowcharts. You can create your own mind maps or take references from ready-made ones. Mind maps come in handy for subjects like accountancy. Financial Statements II is the ninth chapter of the NCERT accountancy book as per the revised syllabus and one of the biggest as well. It requires extra effort from students, and that’s where you can its mind map to your advantage. Check out the CBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 9 Financial Statements 2 mind map below and download the PDF. CBSE 11th Accountancy Chapter 9 Financial Statements 2 Mind MapRecommended: Ameriprise Financial: Valuation Has Gotten Even Steeper Post Q2No result found, try new keyword!AMP valuation has become more expensive, reaching a height of ~9x PB value. 2Q23 financials show positive signs of growth, with strong organic growth in certain segments. When ROE normalizes ... |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug