Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : AZ-104
Exam Name : Microsoft Azure Administrator 2022
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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EXAM NUMBER : AZ-104
EXAM NAME : Microsoft Azure Administrator 2021
Candidates for this test
should have subject matter expertise implementing, managing, and
monitoring an organizations Microsoft Azure environment.
Responsibilities for this role include implementing, managing, and monitoring identity,
governance, storage, compute, and virtual networks in a cloud environment, plus provision, size,
monitor, and adjust resources, when needed.
An Azure administrator often serves as part of a larger team dedicated to implementing an
organization's cloud infrastructure.
A candidate for this test
should have at least six months of hands-on experience administering
Azure, along with a strong understanding of core Azure services, Azure workloads, security, and
governance. In addition, this role should have experience using PowerShell, Azure CLI, Azure
portal, and Azure Resource Manager templates.
Skills:
- Manage Azure identities and governance (15-20%)
- Implement and manage storage (15-20%)
- Deploy and manage Azure compute resources (20-25%)
- Configure and manage virtual networking (25-30%)
- Monitor and back up Azure resources (10-15%)
Manage Azure identities and governance (15–20%)
Manage Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) objects
create users and groups
manage user and group properties
manage device settings
perform bulk user updates
manage guest accounts
configure Azure AD join
configure self-service password reset
Manage role-based access control (RBAC)
create a custom role
provide access to Azure resources by assigning roles at different scopes
interpret access assignments
Manage subscriptions and governance
configure Azure policies
configure resource locks
apply and manage tags on resources
manage resource groups
manage subscriptions
manage costs
configure management groups
Implement and manage storage (15–20%)
Secure storage
configure network access to storage accounts
create and configure storage accounts
generate shared access signature (SAS) tokens
manage access keys
configure Azure AD authentication for a storage account
configure access to Azure Files
Manage storage
export from Azure job
import into Azure job
install and use Azure Storage Explorer
copy data by using AZCopy
implement Azure Storage replication
configure blob object replication
Configure Azure files and Azure Blob Storage
create an Azure file share
create and configure Azure File Sync service
configure Azure Blob Storage
configure storage tiers for Azure Blob Storage
configure blob lifecycle management
Deploy and manage Azure compute resources (20–25%)
Automate deployment of virtual machines (VMs) by using Azure Resource Manager
templates
modify an Azure Resource Manager template
configure a virtual hard disk (VHD) template
deploy from a template
save a deployment as an Azure Resource Manager template
deploy virtual machine extensions
Configure VMs
configure Azure Disk Encryption
move VMs from one resource group to another
manage VM sizes
add data disks
configure networking
redeploy VMs
configure high availability
deploy and configure scale sets
Create and configure containers
configure sizing and scaling for Azure Container Instances
configure container groups for Azure Container Instances
configure storage for Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)
configure scaling for AKS
configure network connections for AKS
upgrade an AKS cluster
Create and configure Azure App Service
create an App Service plan
configure scaling settings in an App Service plan
create an App Service
secure an App Service
configure custom domain names
configure backup for an App Service
configure networking settings
configure deployment settings
Configure and manage virtual networking (25–30%)
Implement and manage virtual networking
create and configure virtual networks, including peering
configure private and public IP addresses
configure user-defined network routes
implement subnets
configure endpoints on subnets
configure private endpoints
configure Azure DNS, including custom DNS settings and private or public DNS zones
Secure access to virtual networks
create security rules
associate a network security group (NSG) to a subnet or network interface
evaluate effective security rules
implement Azure Firewall
implement Azure Bastion
Configure load balancing
configure Azure Application Gateway
configure an internal or public load balancer
troubleshoot load balancing
Monitor and troubleshoot virtual networking
monitor on-premises connectivity
configure and use Network Performance Monitor
use Azure Network Watcher
troubleshoot external networking
troubleshoot virtual network connectivity
Integrate an on-premises network with an Azure virtual network
create and configure Azure VPN Gateway
create and configure Azure ExpressRoute
configure Azure Virtual WAN
Monitor and back up Azure resources (10–15%)
Monitor resources by using Azure Monitor
configure and interpret metrics
configure Azure Monitor logs
query and analyze logs
set up alerts and actions
configure Application Insights
Implement backup and recovery
create a Recovery Services vault
create and configure backup policy
perform backup and restore operations by using Azure Backup
perform site-to-site recovery by using Azure Site Recovery
configure and review backup reports
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug