Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : BCP-520
Exam Name : Integrating the BlackBerry MVS Solution
Vendor Name : BlackBerry
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BCP-520 test Format | BCP-520 Course Contents | BCP-520 Course Outline | BCP-520 test Syllabus | BCP-520 test Objectives
Exam: BCP-520 Integrating the BlackBerry MVS Solution
Exam Details:
- Number of Questions: The test consists of approximately 40 multiple-choice questions.
- Time: Candidates are given 90 minutes to complete the exam.
Course Outline:
The Integrating the BlackBerry MVS Solution course is designed to provide professionals with the knowledge and skills required to integrate the BlackBerry Mobile Voice System (MVS) solution into an existing telecommunications infrastructure. The course covers the following topics:
1. Introduction to BlackBerry MVS
- Overview of BlackBerry MVS solution and its benefits
- Understanding the components and architecture of BlackBerry MVS
- Integration requirements and considerations
- Navigating BlackBerry MVS administration interfaces
2. BlackBerry MVS Architecture
- BlackBerry Enterprise Server and BlackBerry MVS Server components
- Integration with PBX and IP-PBX systems
- Configuration of BlackBerry MVS gateways and trunks
- High availability and redundancy options
3. BlackBerry MVS Deployment
- Pre-deployment planning and exam
- Installation and configuration of BlackBerry MVS components
- Integration with telephony infrastructure
- Provisioning BlackBerry MVS users and devices
4. BlackBerry MVS Features and Functionality
- Making and receiving calls using BlackBerry MVS
- Voicemail integration and call handling options
- Mobile unified communications features
- Troubleshooting common BlackBerry MVS issues
Exam Objectives:
The test aims to assess candidates' understanding and proficiency in the following areas:
1. Knowledge of BlackBerry MVS solution and its benefits
2. Understanding of BlackBerry MVS architecture and components
3. Competence in integrating BlackBerry MVS with PBX and IP-PBX systems
4. Proficiency in deploying and configuring BlackBerry MVS components
5. Familiarity with BlackBerry MVS features and functionality
Exam Syllabus:
The test syllabus covers the following topics:
- Introduction to BlackBerry MVS
- BlackBerry MVS solution overview and benefits
- Components and architecture of BlackBerry MVS
- BlackBerry MVS Architecture
- BlackBerry Enterprise Server and BlackBerry MVS Server components
- Integration with PBX and IP-PBX systems
- Configuration of BlackBerry MVS gateways and trunks
- BlackBerry MVS Deployment
- Planning and exam
- Installation and configuration of BlackBerry MVS components
- Integration with telephony infrastructure
- BlackBerry MVS Features and Functionality
- Making and receiving calls using BlackBerry MVS
- Voicemail integration and call handling
- Mobile unified communications features
- Troubleshooting BlackBerry MVS issues
Candidates are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of these courses to successfully pass the test and demonstrate their proficiency in integrating the BlackBerry MVS solution into an existing telecommunications infrastructure.
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She started working as an administrative assistant at a water plant, and now considers government work a second career: She’s finishing a master’s degree in public administration at the University of Texas at Tyler and aims to work as a city manager someday.While working on a paper last semester about how small cities can access federal infrastructure funding, she stumbled on a program run by the National League of Cities (NLC), which is designed to help them do exactly that. In the spring, she enrolled in a “boot camp” training designed around the U.S. Department of Transportation’s $5 billion Safe Streets and Roads for All (SS4A), which helps cities plan and implement street safety improvement projects. On behalf of Gladewater, she recently applied for a $250,000 planning grant to build new sidewalks. She’s hoping to hear whether her application will be awarded in October. “It’s daunting to apply for federal funds,” Tidwell says. “You think of a grant writer that’s trained in grant writing — those are in bigger towns. They don’t have that in Gladewater. Luckily I am in a small town where the mayor and the city manager said, ‘Go for it.’” Helping Cities Advocate for Themselves Since last summer, more than 600 cities have participated in one of NLC's boot camp trainings, according to Jonathan Kuhl, a senior executive at NLC. The trainings are part of the Local Infrastructure Hub, a $50 million effort to help cities navigate new federal infrastructure funding opportunities, funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, Ballmer Group, Emerson Collective, Ford Foundation and The Kresge Foundation. The boot camps are run by NLC, which is wrapping up its third round of trainings and preparing to open registration for a fourth round, Kuhl says.“They’re kind of like college courses,” Kuhl says. “It’s a three- to four-month course and they are all on separate courses that are tied to specific grant opportunities. And they’re timed to correspond with the deadlines for those.” The boot camps include weekly meetings with different subject matter experts, who help participating cities understand the aims of various federal funding programs. Organizers provide participants with templates, tools and white papers to get up to speed on relevant issues, and walk cities through all the data and documentation requirements that go into federal grant applications. The boot camps are open to cities with populations of 150,000 or less. Allowing small cities to apply directly for federal funding, rather than having to go through states or regional planning organizations, was an important component of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) that the NLC had lobbied for, Kuhl says. “For these small and mid-sized cities, they didn’t have the expertise or staff manpower to put together these competitive applications for the funding, so that was sort of the challenge,” Kuhl says. To date, Kuhl says, 60 participating cities have won 71 grants worth a total of $428 million, with more funding yet to be awarded. Cities that have enrolled in boot camps are three times more likely to win funding than those that haven’t, he says. Around 40 percent of participating cities have populations below 10,000. The trainings are free and there’s no upper limit on the number of participants. The current round of boot camps focuses on five grant programs, which help cities address dangerous railroad crossings, Excellerate drinking water quality, build broadband infrastructure, address mobility barriers caused by transportation infrastructure and restore bridges. Registration for the next round of boot camps will open at the end of the summer. After the first round of boot camps, Kuhl says NLC determined it was better for participating cities to have a specific project or set of projects in mind when they go into the trainings, rather than exploring funding opportunities generally. NLC staff now work individually with cities that want to participate but haven’t identified a specific project yet, he says. Transformational Investments Overall, the investments in the IIJA and the Inflation Reduction Act will be “transformational” for cities, Kuhl says. And for the smallest cities, the boot camp trainings have made a big difference in being able to apply for funding.Connie Callaway joined the city of Globe, Ariz., as its first grant manager last fall, and has enrolled in two NLC boot camps since then. After the first round, the city applied for a Safe Streets and Roads for All planning grant to build ADA-accessible crosswalks and slow down traffic on its downtown corridor. Currently, drivers exit U.S. Route 60 at high speeds and end up right downtown, and the city is hoping to narrow the entrance to the downtown corridor to signal that cars should slow down, Callaway says. There’s also a bridge that recently had its weight limit downgraded, and if it’s downgraded anymore, emergency vehicles and school buses won’t be able to cross it. The alternate route has lots of steep hills and blind curves that would be tough for big vehicles to navigate, and there are 802 schoolchildren who need to cross that bridge on school buses, she says. The city is now enrolled in the NLC’s boot camp for the USDOT’s Bridge Investment Program, hoping to get funding to fix the bridge. “Hands down," Callaway says, "we’ll be doing every boot camp they can.” |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug