Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CCNT
Exam Name : TIA Convergent Network Technologies
Vendor Name : TIA
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CCNT exam Format | CCNT Course Contents | CCNT Course Outline | CCNT exam Syllabus | CCNT exam Objectives
EXAM CODE: CTP
EXAM NAME: TIA Convergent Network Technologies
DATA NETWORKING DOMAIN
Industry Standards and Protocols Objectives
Identify the layers of the OSI reference model
Identify the functions of each layer of the OSI reference model
Identify the protocols and services of each OSI layer
Explain data encapsulation (including but not limited to: data, segment, packet, frame) in relation to frame assembly
LAN/WAN Infrastructure Objectives
Compare and contrast various LAN topologies (including but not limited to: ring, bus, star)
Compare and contrast various WAN topologies (including but not limited to: full mesh, partial mesh, point-to-point)
Identify the functions of routers, switches and hubs in relation to data networking hardware
Compare and contrast the functions of a modem and CSU/DSU in relation to data networking hardware
Recognize standards, protocols and their characteristics (including but not limited to: 802.2, 802.3, 802.5, PPP, frame relay, ATM, SONET/SDH)
Identify the purpose of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Distinguish between DTE and DCE
Distinguish among the categories of cabling (including but not limited to: CAT3, CAT5, shielded twisted pair [STP], V.35, thinnet, RG58, fiber optic [single-mode, multi-mode])
Identify cable terminators
Identify the function of VLANs
Identify the function of a MAC address
IP Protocols Objectives
Compare and contrast the format of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
Identify network classes (A, B, C, D)
Identify network, host and broadcast addresses
Identify private network numbers
Identify the importance of subnet masking
Determine the number of host addresses in a subnet
Determine the network number given a host address and subnet mask
Identify the subnet mask by both the bit count and dotted decimal notation
Distinguish between routed and routing protocols
Distinguish among dynamic, static and default routes
Identify DNS features and functions
Identify DHCP features and functions
Identify NAT features and functions
Compare and contrast connection-oriented and connectionless transport in relation to TCP/UDP
Describe well-known, registered and random/dynamic ports in relation to TCP/UDP
Identify common ports (including but not limited to: Telnet, HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP, DNS) in relation to TCP/UDP
Troubleshooting Objectives
Use ICMP (tracert, ping and error messages) in relation to troubleshooting tools
Recognize other available troubleshooting tools for cabling, hardware, and configuration of devices (software and hardware)
Determine when to use straight-through vs. crossover cable
Identify common configuration errors in IP devices
TELEPHONY NETWORKING DOMAIN
Industry Standards and Protocols Objectives
Recognize standard reference nomenclature (including but not limited to: X.nnn, Q.nnn, I.nnn, E.nnn)
Basic Telephony Concepts Objectives
Identify the call-processing steps (call setup, call connection, call completion)
Compare and contrast analog trunks and station lines
Identify electrical characteristics of ground-start and loop-start analog trunks (not including local voltage specifications)
Identify the various types of E&M trunks (2W/4W audio) in relation to analog trunks
Identify various DSH technologies (including but not limited to: DS0, DS1, DS3, OC3, OC12, OC48, OC192)
Compare and contrast analog ringing (electrical specs) vs. digital alerting (A&B bits) in relation to signaling types
Identify the primary analog transmission impairments involved in a phone call (including but not limited to: loss, echo, noise, cross-talk, delay)
Identify the need for echo cancellation in 2-wire to 4-wire hybrids
Define pulse code modulation in telephony
Compare and contrast A-Law and Mu-Law in relation to digitizing voice
Identify the functions of class 4 (tandem) and class 5 (end-office) switches in relation to PSTN/GSTN
Identify various numbering plans (including but not limited to: global, NANP, private)
Recognize Digital Signal Hierarchy (DSH) terminology (STRATUM)
Distinguish between FXO and FXS interfaces
Infrastructure Objectives
Identify safety procedures (including but not limited to: cabling, power, grounding, ESD, NEBS)
Determine proper cabling procedures in specific environments (PVC vs. plenum)
Identify troubleshooting tools (including but not limited to: 4-pair tester, inductor/buzzer/toner, linesman test set (butt set), volt meter, laptop)
Identify the symptoms of improper clocking configuration
Identify various cable terminations (including but not limited to: USOC/RJ-nn standards, ITU/V.nnn standards)
Signaling Objectives
Compare and contrast the signaling of ground-start and loop-start analog trunks (not including line voltages)
Compare and contrast in-band vs. out-of-band in relation to signaling types
Identify the signaling functions of ISDN (e.g., ISDN BRI, ISDN PRI, ISDN 23 and ISDN 30) and SS7/C7
Compare and contrast E&M, ground start, loop start and OPX in relation to signaling types (A, B, C and D bits)
Compare and contrast analog dialing (DTMF) vs. digital addressing (set-up messages) in relation to signaling types
CONVERGENCE TECHNOLOGIES DOMAIN
Industry Standards and Protocols Objectives
Identify the major industry standards (including but not limited to: 802.x, RFCxxxx, E.nnn, G.nnn, H.nnn, Q.nnn, X.nnn) that apply to the technologies relevant to convergence
Identify the major standards bodies (including but not limited to: IEEE, ITU, IETF, EIA, TIA, ANSI, Bell) that apply to the technologies relevant to convergence
Voice-over Convergence Objectives
Define latency, jitter and wander, and identify their impact on real-time communications
Identify the importance of a jitter buffer
Identify the impact of large data frames on real-time communications
Recognize the need for Quality of Service (QoS) in converged networks
Identify Quality of Service (QoS) technologies (including but not limited to: RSVP, DiffServ, IntServ, 802.1P/Q) for converged networks
Identify common codecs (G.7xx) and their bandwidth requirements in a converged environment
Describe the impact of compressing voice
Compare and contrast the use of T1, E1 and J1 for data and voice
Identify the factors that affect the bandwidth of packetized voice
Identify requirements for transporting modem and fax through a converged solution
Topology Convergence Objectives
Identify the types of signaling protocols for converged networks (including but not limited to: H.245, H.320, H.323, H.450, SIP, MGCP, NCS)
Identify the function of a gatekeeper
Identify differences in call flows between convergent-based and circuit-based calls
Identify the function of gateways
Identify characteristics of circuit-switched and packet-switched technologies
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug