Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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CFE-INVESTIGATIONS test Format | CFE-INVESTIGATIONS Course Contents | CFE-INVESTIGATIONS Course Outline | CFE-INVESTIGATIONS test Syllabus | CFE-INVESTIGATIONS test Objectives
Exam Detail:
The CFE-INVESTIGATIONS (CFE Investigation Certified Fraud Examiner) test is a professional certification test offered by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). It is designed to assess the knowledge and skills of individuals involved in fraud investigations. Here are the test details for the CFE-INVESTIGATIONS exam:
- Number of Questions: The test typically consists of 125 multiple-choice questions.
- Time Limit: The time allocated to complete the test is 4 hours.
Course Outline:
The CFE-INVESTIGATIONS course provides a comprehensive understanding of various courses related to fraud investigations. The course outline generally includes the following areas:
1. Introduction to Fraud Investigations:
- Understanding fraud investigations and their importance.
- The role of a fraud investigator and their ethical obligations.
- The legal framework for fraud investigations.
2. Fraud Prevention and Deterrence:
- Identifying fraud risk factors and vulnerabilities.
- Developing and implementing effective fraud prevention programs.
- Evaluating and improving internal controls.
3. Financial Transactions and Fraud Schemes:
- Understanding financial transactions and common fraud schemes.
- Recognizing red flags and indicators of fraud.
- Analyzing financial statements and records.
4. Fraud Investigation Process:
- Planning and conducting fraud investigations.
- Gathering evidence and conducting interviews.
- Documenting findings and preparing investigation reports.
5. Legal Considerations and Prosecution:
- Understanding the legal system and the role of the investigator.
- Laws and regulations related to fraud investigations.
- Presenting evidence and supporting prosecution efforts.
6. Data Analysis and Technology in Investigations:
- Using data analysis techniques to detect and investigate fraud.
- Digital evidence collection and analysis.
- Leveraging technology tools for fraud investigations.
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the CFE-INVESTIGATIONS test are as follows:
- Assessing candidates' knowledge of fraud investigation principles and techniques.
- Evaluating candidates' understanding of fraud prevention and detection methods.
- Testing candidates' proficiency in conducting fraud investigations and gathering evidence.
- Assessing candidates' knowledge of legal considerations and ethical obligations in fraud investigations.
- Evaluating candidates' understanding of data analysis and technology applications in fraud investigations.
Exam Syllabus:
The specific test syllabus for the CFE-INVESTIGATIONS test covers the following topics:
1. Introduction to Fraud Investigations:
- Fraud investigation principles and concepts.
- Ethics and legal considerations in fraud investigations.
2. Fraud Prevention and Deterrence:
- Fraud risk test and prevention programs.
- Internal controls and fraud prevention measures.
- Corporate governance and ethics.
3. Financial Transactions and Fraud Schemes:
- Common fraud schemes and red flags.
- Analyzing financial statements and records.
- Fraud risk factors in different industries.
4. Fraud Investigation Process:
- Planning and conducting fraud investigations.
- Evidence gathering and documentation.
- Interviewing techniques and statement analysis.
5. Legal Considerations and Prosecution:
- Legal framework for fraud investigations.
- Laws and regulations related to fraud.
- Presenting evidence and supporting prosecution efforts.
6. Data Analysis and Technology in Investigations:
- Data analysis techniques for fraud detection.
- Digital evidence collection and analysis.
- Technology tools for fraud investigations.
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ACFE Fraud Real test Questions
Forensic Accounting and Fraud ExamNo result found, try new keyword!Everyday across the world, thousands of businesses are victimized by fraud. Who commits these bad acts? Why? And, how? In this course they are going to help you answer the questions: who commits ...The Proximal Origin of a Scientific FraudNo result found, try new keyword!The pushback against the lab leak theory has now been revealed as a fraud, thanks to the work of ... on the Coronavirus Pandemic. The real conspiracy had roots in a February 2020 conference ...Visa tests AI to catch fraud in real-time paymentsCredit: Lionel Ng/Bloomberg Visa's card-spending volume remained stable through the quarter that ended June 30, thanks to strong outbound U.S. travel activity, while European and Asian cross-border travel volumes are recovering more slowly. But attention in the payments industry is shifting due to the accurate launch of FedNow, the Federal Reserve's instant settlement system, and Visa is planning to stay ahead of the game with a service designed to block fraud in real-time payments. Services built to streamline card acceptance and prevent fraud have an "enormous runway" for growth as merchants and banks cope with the rapidly evolving payments ecosystem, Visa CEO Ryan McInerney told analysts. To that end, Visa is piloting a fraud-detection service based on deep-learning AI models called RTP Prevent, which generates a risk score for instant payments, so banks can decide on the spot whether or not to approve them. The product offers a score from 1 (low trust) to 99 (high trust) with a code explaining the reasons for the score, and is designed to root out fraud within real-time payments as they expand around the world, McInerney explained. "We've built it from the bottom up, [from a] clean sheet of paper, a customized solution leveraging deep-learning AI models [that can be] integrated directly into banks' systems," he said. Visa's other value-added services, including CyberSource, Verifi and Visa Acceptance Cloud also are seeing strong adoption by new customers, while Visa Direct continues on a fast growth path around the world, including in some regions where consumers and businesses are shifting transaction volume from domestic payment schemes to Visa, according to McInerney. A popular French peer-to-peer payments app called Lydia is now powered by Visa Direct, and in Bolivia, a new P2P app called Lula will ride on Visa Direct's rails, he said. Visa Direct plays a key role in many cross-border remittance services, he added. Story continues Visa Direct transaction volume during the latest quarter rose 20% over the same period a year ago, to $1.8 billion, Visa said. "It's still the very early days of building out Visa Direct. We're expanding geographies and use cases," McInerney said, noting that Block's Cash App relies on Visa Direct to move funds. McInerney brushed off concerns about the accurate lawsuit Block filed against Visa and Mastercard alleging the card networks use their market power to fix prices, saying Visa has a "wonderful" relationship with Block and the news created some confusion. "The lawsuit itself is covered litigation under their share class structure. So I would really put it in the category of nothing new here," McInerney said. He also said Visa has not felt any shocks from a Federal Reserve-ordered rule change that went into effect July 1 requiring debit card issuers to ensure all transactions — including those made online — can be processed by at least two unaffiliated card networks. "We continue to be very excited and confident about their ability to compete. They think that many merchants are going to choose to still route to Visa," McInerney said. Visa Chief Financial Officer Visant Prabhu said economic trends look positive for at least the next quarter. "Consumer spend across all spend bands from affluent to low spend remained stable. Their data did not indicate any behavior change across consumer segments," Prabhu said, but added that the average U.S. ticket size declined by 2%, which he attributed to lower fuel prices and easing of inflation in multiple categories. During the accurate quarter, Visa signed new co-branded card agreements with Utah-based Breeze Airways and with India-based airline Adani, which has 400 million customers. During Visa's fiscal third quarter ended June 30, global payments volume rose 9% to $3.17 trillion. U.S. payments volume rose 6% during the quarter over the same period a year earlier and volume from outside the U.S. rose 12%.Total cross-border volume was up 22% and total processed transactions during the quarter reached 54 billion, up 10% over the same period last year. Operating expenses during the quarter were $3.1 billion, down 1% over a year earlier, as litigation costs fell and personnel costs increased. Visa reported net revenue for the quarter of $8.1 billion, up 12% over $7.28 billion during the same period a year earlier. The firm's net income was $4.2 billion, up 22% from a year earlier. Minus adjustments from last year's legal expenses, Visa's profit was up 7%. "We believe Visa's growth opportunities and competitive moat have widened," said Bob Napoli, a partner with equity firm William Blair, in a Friday note to investors. "B2B payments, fintech and other partnerships, global expansion, contactless payments, open banking, embedded payments and faster payments all present substantial opportunity, and many are in the early stages of adding to long-term growth." |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug