Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Copado-Developer test Format | Copado-Developer Course Contents | Copado-Developer Course Outline | Copado-Developer test Syllabus | Copado-Developer test Objectives
Exam Detail:
The Copado Developer Certification is a professional certification test that validates the skills and knowledge of individuals in using the Copado DevOps platform for Salesforce development and release management. Here are the test details for the Copado Developer Certification:
- Number of Questions: The test typically consists of multiple-choice questions and hands-on exercises. The exact number of questions may vary, but typically, the test includes around 60 to 80 questions.
- Time Limit: The time allocated to complete the test is 90 minutes (1 hour and 30 minutes).
Course Outline:
The Copado Developer Certification course covers various courses related to Copado and Salesforce development practices. The course outline typically includes the following topics:
1. Introduction to Copado:
- Overview of Copado as a DevOps platform for Salesforce.
- Understanding the benefits and features of Copado for application lifecycle management.
2. Copado Fundamentals:
- Understanding the core concepts and components of Copado.
- Navigating the Copado user interface and workspace.
- Configuring and managing Copado environments and pipelines.
3. Version Control and Branching:
- Implementing version control using Copado Git repositories.
- Managing branches, commits, and merges in Copado.
- Working with Copado's branching strategies and best practices.
4. Continuous Integration:
- Configuring continuous integration (CI) jobs in Copado.
- Building and validating Salesforce metadata in the CI process.
- Setting up automated testing and quality checks in Copado.
5. Release Management:
- Creating release pipelines and defining release processes in Copado.
- Managing deployment flows, approvals, and rollbacks.
- Monitoring and tracking releases using Copado's release management features.
6. Compliance and Governance:
- Implementing compliance and governance practices in Copado.
- Managing security, access controls, and permissions in Copado.
- Auditing and tracking changes and activities in Copado.
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the Copado Developer Certification test are as follows:
- Assessing candidates' understanding of the Copado DevOps platform and its features.
- Evaluating candidates' knowledge of version control practices and branching strategies in Copado.
- Testing candidates' proficiency in configuring and managing continuous integration (CI) processes in Copado.
- Assessing candidates' skills in release management, including deployment flows and pipeline configurations in Copado.
- Evaluating candidates' knowledge of compliance and governance practices in Copado.
Exam Syllabus:
The specific test syllabus for the Copado Developer Certification test covers the following areas:
1. Copado Fundamentals: Understanding the core concepts and components of Copado.
2. Version Control and Branching: Implementing version control and branching strategies in Copado.
3. Continuous Integration: Configuring and managing continuous integration (CI) processes in Copado.
4. Release Management: Creating release pipelines and managing deployment flows in Copado.
5. Compliance and Governance: Implementing compliance and governance practices in Copado.
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The particular target of the Substack was the so-called “G4,” or “Gang of Four” of senior courtiers who until just a few months ago controlled vast swathes of business and property activity in the principality. Palermo was one of them. The others in the gang were Laurent Anselmi, 61, Albert’s chief of staff; Thierry Lacoste, 63, Albert’s personal lawyer; and Didier Linotte, 75, president of Monaco’s supreme court. According to a report in the London Times, Albert has not fired the latter two but has “publicly distanced himself” from them. Another important figure in the story is Patrice Pastor, a powerful property developer known as P2 due to his initials, PP. The Air Mail newsletter described him as having “long controlled Monaco’s property market” but said relations between him and the Grimaldis soured after his rivals were awarded a massive 2014 contract to redevelop a stretch of waterfront known as Esplanade des Pêcheurs. Air Mail pointed out that Pastor denies any involvement in the Dossiers Substack but said his “opponents” allege that he began “to mastermind the Dossiers du Rocher as an act of revenge” after being cut out of the lucrative deals. In the first two years of the blog, Albert, who was also battling rumors his marriage had broken down, stood by the G4, but in exact weeks he has apparently cut them loose. The prince told the French newspaper Le Figaro, per the Times, “if confidence evaporates you can no longer work together,” adding, “When questions arise, you need to know how to change the people who surround you to find the right path again and to write a new page in your history.” Albert also told Monaco-Matin that the allegations in the Dossiers du Rocher had been “disastrous for Monaco’s image. They must absolutely put a stop to it.” However, giving the G4 the boot from the inner circle may end up inflaming the scandal. The French newspaper Le Monde reports: “Claude Palmero has become the man who is making the palace tremble.” Le Monde said he was the “holder of all the secrets of the principality, from the prince’s private accounts to government investments.” The newspaper added that he was “the sort of person you spare in general.” The Times said: “After his homes and offices were raided by police following the opening of a criminal investigation into corruption allegations, Palmero seemed irritated. He said that Albert’s interview with Le Figaro included a ‘regrettable echo of a recurrent campaign of denigration... feeding off false documents, malicious accusations and fallacious insinuations. I cannot let myself be slandered in this way.’” There is an old folk tale that the Grimaldis—the official surname of Albert's family—were cursed when the first Prince Rainier of Monaco attempted to rape a young Flemish noblewoman who turned out to be a powerful witch. As the scandal of the Dossiers du Rocher unfolds over the coming months, this supernatural medieval story is likely to seem startlingly relevant all over again. Alphabet dumps more than 90% of its stake in RobinhoodThe Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, Jan. 30, 2023. Marlena Sloss | Bloomberg | Getty Images Google parent Alphabet has pared back large positions in multiple publicly traded firms, including the trading platform Robinhood, the gene testing company 23andMe and language learning startup Duolingo. The company dumped nearly 90% of its stake in Robinhood, according to SEC filings. The company sold off more than 4.3 million shares of the fintech stock during the period ending June 30. Robinhood posted its first profit as a publicly traded company on Aug. 2. Robinhood has struggled since its 2021 initial public offering. The company saw a surge of users during the Covid-19 pandemic, drawn in by the flourishing tech trade. But the company was also at the center of a scandal over its role in the "meme stock" mania and retail trading outrage at payment for order flow. Still, the company reported stronger-than-expected earnings, turning 3 cents per share for the second quarter compared with a Refinitiv consensus estimate of a 1 cent per share loss. Monthly active users, a key benchmark for Wall Street, remain depressed quarter over quarter and year over year. Alphabet still held about 612,000 shares of Robinhood as of June 30. Alphabet also trimmed significant positions in Duolingo and 23andMe. It sold about 523,000 shares of Duolingo. The company had previously held more than 6.7 million shares of 23andMe, the gene testing startup co-founded by Anne Wojcicki, the former wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin. Alphabet sold them by the end of the period ending June 30. One person dead following crash involving Harford County dump truckCBS News Baltimore LiveBALTIMORE -- One person is dead after they were involved in a collision with a Harford County dump truck in Jarrettsville, Maryland, according to the office of Harford County Executive Robert Cassilly. The deadly crash occurred near the intersection of Baldwin Mill Road at Furnace Road on Thursday afternoon, county officials said. Firefighters and medics were sent to the location around 12:47 p.m., according to officials. The driver of the vehicle was pronounced dead at the site of the collision, county officials said. Meanwhile, the driver of the dump truck—a county Department of Public Works employee—was uninjured, according to officials. More from CBS News CBS Baltimore StaffThanks for memorizing CBS NEWS. Create your free account or log infor more features. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug