Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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ECBA test Format | ECBA Course Contents | ECBA Course Outline | ECBA test Syllabus | ECBA test Objectives
Exam Specification: ECBA Entry Certificate in Business Analysis
Exam Name: ECBA Entry Certificate in Business Analysis
Exam Code: ECBA
Exam Duration: 3 hours
Passing Score: Not specified (Competency-based exam)
Exam Format: Multiple-choice questions
Course Outline:
1. Introduction to Business Analysis
- Role and responsibilities of a business analyst
- Business analysis concepts and techniques
- Business analysis knowledge areas and tasks
2. Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring
- Defining the scope and objectives of business analysis
- Stakeholder identification and analysis
- Planning and monitoring business analysis activities
3. Requirements Elicitation and Collaboration
- Techniques for gathering requirements
- Conducting interviews and workshops
- Collaborating with stakeholders
4. Requirements Life Cycle Management
- Requirements documentation and organization
- Requirements traceability and prioritization
- Managing changes to requirements
5. Strategy Analysis
- Analyzing the business environment and strategic context
- Identifying business problems and opportunities
- Defining the business case
6. Requirements Analysis and Design Definition
- Analyzing and modeling requirements
- Defining solution requirements
- Validating and verifying requirements
7. Solution Evaluation
- Evaluating the performance of a solution
- Assessing solution compliance and acceptance
- Conducting post-implementation reviews
Exam Objectives:
1. Understand the role and responsibilities of a business analyst.
2. Apply business analysis concepts, techniques, and knowledge areas.
3. Plan and monitor business analysis activities.
4. Elicit requirements and collaborate with stakeholders.
5. Manage the requirements life cycle.
6. Perform strategy analysis and define the business case.
7. Analyze requirements and design solutions.
8. Evaluate and assess the performance of a solution.
Exam Syllabus:
The test syllabus is based on the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK) Guide and covers the following knowledge areas:
- Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring
- Elicitation and Collaboration
- Requirements Life Cycle Management
- Strategy Analysis
- Requirements Analysis and Design Definition
- Solution Evaluation
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IIBA Certificate test format
Undergraduate Teacher Certification RequirementsUndergraduate Teacher Certification Requirements Drexel offers a number of education certification and degree programs that prepare students for formal teacher certification. Once a student has successfully completed their undegraduate course of study and all qualifying teacher certification exams required by the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE), Drexel recommends the student to the PDE for the appropriate teaching certificate. Teaching Certification GPA RequirementsThe School of Education requires that students maintain at least a "B" average (3.0 GPA) in content courses needed for teacher certification in addition to earning a grade of "B" or better in each core pedagogy course required for certification. Pennsylvania Teacher Certification RequirementsAll undergraduate students are required to obtain and submit updated and current copies of the required clearances to the School of Education annually in order to participate in classroom observations and student teaching in Pennsylvania. All full-time undergraduates will receive assistance in gaining these clearances during their first term. Non-PA students should contact their state's department of education or school district office for a list of clearances required in their state. Teacher Certification Process Instructional I CertificationThis initial certification qualifies a teacher to teach for a maximum of six years. The six years need not be continuous. To continue teaching after the six years are completed, the teacher must receive an Instructional II Certification. Instructional II CertificationThe Instructional II Certification is considered a permanent certification. A teacher applying for Instructional II Certification must have: The Pennsylvania Educator Certification Tests (PECT) are required for Grades PreK–4 and Special Education. All undergraduate and dual degree BS/MS students are required to pass the Pre-service Academic Performance Assessment (PAPA) basic skills exam. In addition, students will be required to take the appropriate test exam for each area of certification they wish to obtain. For more information about examinations and registration: Middle Level Certification (Grades 4–8) and Secondary Certification (Grades 7–12)All undergraduate and dual degree BS/MS students seeking certification in middle (grades 4–8) or secondary (grades 7–12) levels are required to pass exams from the PA Education Certification Tests (PECT) and the Praxis II Series. 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Complete the following steps:Upon paying the test fee, the application process is complete, and you have acknowledged that you meet the requirements listed above in numbers 1–3. Your next steps are outlined as follows: Further details can be found at the links below: 2. What are the fees for certification? CCST test Fees Exam Member Price Non-Member Price Certified Automation Professional® (CAP®) 373 USD 467 USD Certified Control System Technician® (CCST®) Level 1 331 USD 415 USD Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Specialist—Level 2 315 USD 397 USD Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Master—Level 3 331 USD 415 USDIf you have paid for or your company has arranged for you to take a CCST review course, the application fee is included in the course price. View list of available CCST review courses here. ISA accepts payment via check, certified check, money order, PayPal payment, wire transfer in US Dollars, or credit card. Purchase orders are not accepted. All application fees are non-refundable. 3. How long is the exam, and how many questions are there?All ISA certification exams are closed book and have multiple-choice questions. The CCST Specialist – Level 2 certification test is three hours long, and all other certification exams are four hours long. Please see the information below for the number of questions in each exam. Exam Questions Certified Automation Professional® (CAP®) 175 Certified Control System Technician® (CCST®) Level 1 150 Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Specialist—Level 2 125 Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Master—Level 3 150 4. Where is my certification test invitation?You will receive your test invitation (Notice to Schedule Exam) email 15 days before your assigned test window begins. View the application deadlines below. Exam Window Application Submission Deadline 2023 Window 3: 1 November 2023 – 31 October 2024 15 September 2023 2024 Window 1:1 March 2024 – 28 February 2025 15 January 2024 2024 Window 2:1 July 2024 – 30 June 2025 15 May 2024 2024 Window 3:1 November 2024 – 31 October 2025 15 September 2024If you have attended any CCST review course, you will not be placed into an test window. You will receive your test invitation near the end of your review course and have a 12-month test window in which to take the exam. If you have not received your test invitation within the allotted time frame, please check your spam or junk folder for an email from candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com. If you still need help locating your test invitation, please email certifications@isa.org for assistance. In certain instances, you may need to provide an alternate email address, as some server firewalls may block the receipt of the test invitation email. 6. How do I schedule my certification exam? You will use the information in the test invitation from candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com to schedule and take your test with Meazure Learning (formerly Scantron) at a testing center or online. You have a 12-month test window in which you can test and, if necessary, retest to pass your certification exam. Your start date is based on the date you complete your certification course. Please contact Meazure Learning’s customer support for all test assistance (e.g., scheduling, missing confirmation, taking the exam, missing results, etc.) by emailing candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com or calling +1 919-572-6880. Further related details can be found on the test procedures page:Please log into your ISA account, then access the “My Credentials” tab to view your credential status and/or pay your recertification fee. If you have issues logging into your ISA account or completing your payment process, please contact one of their customer service representatives at info@isa.org or +1 919-549-8411 for assistance. For additional information, visit the Recertification page. Recertification Fees Member Price Non-Member Price Certified Automation Professional® (CAP ®) By PDPs (no exam) 270 USD 340 USD By Exam 336 USD 420 USD Certified Control System Technician® (CCST)(all levels) By PDPs (no exam) 210 USD 265 USD By Exam 300 USD 375 USD 12. How do I access my digital badge?You will receive your digital badge via email after passing an test or renewing a certification or certificate. If you did not receive it, please look in your spam and junk folders for an email from isa_badges@isa.org. If you still need help locating your digital badge, please email certifications@isa.org for assistance. To access, manage, and/or share your secure digital badge, use your email address and password to enter your BadgeCert portfolio. If it is your first time accessing your portfolio or you have forgotten your password, click “Request new password?” on their login page to create your password. More information about using your digital badge can be found here. Please email certifications@isa.org for assistance if you have not received your digital badge within: Certification Exams FAQsNo result found, try new keyword!Candidates are required to bring one (1) form of valid (non-expired), government issued ... Requests will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. 6. Can I take the certification test on my computer at ... |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug