Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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IIBA ECBA : Entry Certificate in Business Analysis ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS

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Latest 2023 Updated IIBA Entry Certificate in Business Analysis Syllabus
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Exam Number : ECBA
Exam Name : Entry Certificate in Business Analysis
Vendor Name : IIBA
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ECBA test Format | ECBA Course Contents | ECBA Course Outline | ECBA test Syllabus | ECBA test Objectives

Exam Specification: ECBA Entry Certificate in Business Analysis

Exam Name: ECBA Entry Certificate in Business Analysis
Exam Code: ECBA
Exam Duration: 3 hours
Passing Score: Not specified (Competency-based exam)
Exam Format: Multiple-choice questions

Course Outline:

1. Introduction to Business Analysis
- Role and responsibilities of a business analyst
- Business analysis concepts and techniques
- Business analysis knowledge areas and tasks

2. Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring
- Defining the scope and objectives of business analysis
- Stakeholder identification and analysis
- Planning and monitoring business analysis activities

3. Requirements Elicitation and Collaboration
- Techniques for gathering requirements
- Conducting interviews and workshops
- Collaborating with stakeholders

4. Requirements Life Cycle Management
- Requirements documentation and organization
- Requirements traceability and prioritization
- Managing changes to requirements

5. Strategy Analysis
- Analyzing the business environment and strategic context
- Identifying business problems and opportunities
- Defining the business case

6. Requirements Analysis and Design Definition
- Analyzing and modeling requirements
- Defining solution requirements
- Validating and verifying requirements

7. Solution Evaluation
- Evaluating the performance of a solution
- Assessing solution compliance and acceptance
- Conducting post-implementation reviews

Exam Objectives:

1. Understand the role and responsibilities of a business analyst.
2. Apply business analysis concepts, techniques, and knowledge areas.
3. Plan and monitor business analysis activities.
4. Elicit requirements and collaborate with stakeholders.
5. Manage the requirements life cycle.
6. Perform strategy analysis and define the business case.
7. Analyze requirements and design solutions.
8. Evaluate and assess the performance of a solution.

Exam Syllabus:

The test syllabus is based on the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK) Guide and covers the following knowledge areas:

- Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring
- Elicitation and Collaboration
- Requirements Life Cycle Management
- Strategy Analysis
- Requirements Analysis and Design Definition
- Solution Evaluation

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IIBA Certificate test format

Undergraduate Teacher Certification Requirements

Drexel offers a number of education certification and degree programs that prepare students for formal teacher certification. Once a student has successfully completed their undegraduate course of study and all qualifying teacher certification exams required by the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE), Drexel recommends the student to the PDE for the appropriate teaching certificate.

Teaching Certification GPA Requirements

The School of Education requires that students maintain at least a "B" average (3.0 GPA) in content courses needed for teacher certification in addition to earning a grade of "B" or better in each core pedagogy course required for certification.

Pennsylvania Teacher Certification Requirements

All undergraduate students are required to obtain and submit updated and current copies of the required clearances to the School of Education annually in order to participate in classroom observations and student teaching in Pennsylvania. All full-time undergraduates will receive assistance in gaining these clearances during their first term. Non-PA students should contact their state's department of education or school district office for a list of clearances required in their state.

Teacher Certification Process Instructional I Certification

This initial certification qualifies a teacher to teach for a maximum of six years. The six years need not be continuous. To continue teaching after the six years are completed, the teacher must receive an Instructional II Certification.

Instructional II Certification

The Instructional II Certification is considered a permanent certification. A teacher applying for Instructional II Certification must have:

Instructional I Certification

A minimum of three years and a maximum of six years of teaching experience on an Instructional I Teaching Certificate

24 semester-hour (or 36 quarter-hour) credits beyond a bachelor’ degree

Completion of an induction program (generally provided by the teacher’ school of employment)

Elementary Certification (Grades PreK–4) and Special Education Certification (Grades PreK–8 and Grades 7–12)

The Pennsylvania Educator Certification Tests (PECT) are required for Grades PreK–4 and Special Education. All undergraduate and dual degree BS/MS students are required to pass the Pre-service Academic Performance Assessment (PAPA) basic skills exam. In addition, students will be required to take the appropriate test exam for each area of certification they wish to obtain.

For more information about examinations and registration:

Middle Level Certification (Grades 4–8) and Secondary Certification (Grades 7–12)

All undergraduate and dual degree BS/MS students seeking certification in middle (grades 4–8) or secondary (grades 7–12) levels are required to pass exams from the PA Education Certification Tests (PECT) and the Praxis II Series. Students must pass both the Pre-service Academic Performance Assessment (PAPA) basic skills test exam and the appropriate Praxis II Content Knowledge test for each area of certification they wish to obtain.

For more information about examinations and registration:

Pennsylvania Act 48 Requirements

To maintain Instructional I and Instructional II Certifications, the PDE requires a teacher to complete one of the following every five years:

Six semester-hour (or nine quarter-hour) credits. Credits must be acquired from an accredited, four-year, degree-granting college or university.

180 hours of professional development

A combination of credits and professional development hours every five years.

Note: For those working to acquire Instructional II Certification, the 24 semester credits or 36 quarter credits needed to apply for Instructional II may also count toward Act 48 requirements.

Download the Pennsylvania Department of Education’s Frequently Asked Questions about Act 48 [PDF].

Certification Frequently Asked Questions

1. How do I apply for a certification? There is no application form to fill out for CAP or CCST certification. Complete the following steps:

Commit to the ISA Code of Conduct.

Meet the education and work experience requirements for the specific certification for which you are applying.

Acknowledge that you are subject to a random application verification audit.

Agree to provide the supporting documents proving your qualifications if you are audited.

Pay the test fee.

Upon paying the test fee, the application process is complete, and you have acknowledged that you meet the requirements listed above in numbers 1–3.

Your next steps are outlined as follows: Further details can be found at the links below: 2. What are the fees for certification? CCST test Fees Exam Member Price Non-Member Price Certified Automation Professional® (CAP®) 373 USD 467 USD Certified Control System Technician® (CCST®) Level 1 331 USD 415 USD Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Specialist—Level 2 315 USD 397 USD Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Master—Level 3 331 USD 415 USD

If you have paid for or your company has arranged for you to take a CCST review course, the application fee is included in the course price. View list of available CCST review courses here.

ISA accepts payment via check, certified check, money order, PayPal payment, wire transfer in US Dollars, or credit card. Purchase orders are not accepted. All application fees are non-refundable.

3. How long is the exam, and how many questions are there?

All ISA certification exams are closed book and have multiple-choice questions. The CCST Specialist – Level 2 certification test is three hours long, and all other certification exams are four hours long. Please see the information below for the number of questions in each exam.

Exam Questions Certified Automation Professional® (CAP®) 175 Certified Control System Technician® (CCST®) Level 1 150 Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Specialist—Level 2 125 Certified Control System Technician (CCST) Master—Level 3 150 4. Where is my certification test invitation?

You will receive your test invitation (Notice to Schedule Exam) email 15 days before your assigned test window begins. View the application deadlines below.

Exam Window Application Submission Deadline 2023 Window 3: 1 November 2023 – 31 October 2024 15 September 2023 2024 Window 1:1 March 2024 – 28 February 2025 15 January 2024 2024 Window 2:1 July 2024 – 30 June 2025 15 May 2024 2024 Window 3:1 November 2024 – 31 October 2025 15 September 2024

If you have attended any CCST review course, you will not be placed into an test window. You will receive your test invitation near the end of your review course and have a 12-month test window in which to take the exam.

If you have not received your test invitation within the allotted time frame, please check your spam or junk folder for an email from candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com. If you still need help locating your test invitation, please email certifications@isa.org for assistance. In certain instances, you may need to provide an alternate email address, as some server firewalls may block the receipt of the test invitation email.

6. How do I schedule my certification exam? You will use the information in the test invitation from candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com to schedule and take your test with Meazure Learning (formerly Scantron) at a testing center or online. You have a 12-month test window in which you can test and, if necessary, retest to pass your certification exam. Your start date is based on the date you complete your certification course. Please contact Meazure Learning’s customer support for all test assistance (e.g., scheduling, missing confirmation, taking the exam, missing results, etc.) by emailing candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com or calling +1 919-572-6880. Further related details can be found on the test procedures page:

Verifying Computer Set-Up for Online Exams (see #1)

Items to Bring for In-Person Exams (see #2)

Exam Scheduling (see #3)

8. What happens after I take a certification exam? You will see your test results on the screen at the completion of the exam. You will also receive your test results immediately via email from Meazure Learning (candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com). If you have not received your test results within 24 hours, please contact Meazure Learning (formerly Scantron) by emailing candidatesupport@meazurelearning.com or calling +1 919-572-6880. ISA does not provide a passing score; you are only notified whether you passed the test or not. If you do not pass, you will receive a breakdown of your score by domain to help you prepare for the retest. Further related details can be found on the test procedures page:

Not Passing an test (see #7)

Exam Design and Results (see #9)

If you pass the exam, you will receive a digital badge from isa_badges@isa.org within one business day after passing the exam. If you have not received your digital badge within this time frame, please check your spam or junk folder for an email from isa_badges@isa.org. If you still need help locating your digital badge, please email certifications@isa.org for assistance. In certain instances, you may need to provide an alternate email address, as some server firewalls may block the receipt of the digital badge email. 9. How do I request a retest for a certification exam? If you arrived more than 15 minutes late, missed your scheduled exam, or did not pass your exam, you may request a retest as many times as needed within your 12-month test window. Please note that each time you retest, you must pay a fee to ISA. Please email all retest requests to certifications@isa.org. The retest fee for both of the CCST and CAP certification programs is 164 USD for ISA members and 205 USD for non-members. Further related details can be found on the test procedures page:

Scheduling a Retest or Missed test (see #6)

No-Shows and Late Arrivals (see #8)

10. How do I renew my certification? ISA’s recertification process requires no forms or supporting documents. By paying your recertification fee, you self-certify that you:

Agree to commit to the ISA Code of Conduct

Have accumulated the minimum number of Development Points (PDPs) over the last three (3) years, as related to your certification

Acknowledge that you are subject to a random verification audit

Agree to provide the supporting documentation that proves that you have met the required number of PDPs.

Please log into your ISA account, then access the “My Credentials” tab to view your credential status and/or pay your recertification fee. If you have issues logging into your ISA account or completing your payment process, please contact one of their customer service representatives at info@isa.org or +1 919-549-8411 for assistance. For additional information, visit the Recertification page.

Recertification Fees Member Price Non-Member Price Certified Automation Professional® (CAP ®) By PDPs (no exam) 270 USD 340 USD By Exam 336 USD 420 USD Certified Control System Technician® (CCST)(all levels) By PDPs (no exam) 210 USD 265 USD By Exam 300 USD 375 USD 12. How do I access my digital badge?

You will receive your digital badge via email after passing an test or renewing a certification or certificate. If you did not receive it, please look in your spam and junk folders for an email from isa_badges@isa.org. If you still need help locating your digital badge, please email certifications@isa.org for assistance.

To access, manage, and/or share your secure digital badge, use your email address and password to enter your BadgeCert portfolio.

If it is your first time accessing your portfolio or you have forgotten your password, click “Request new password?” on their login page to create your password. More information about using your digital badge can be found here.

Please email certifications@isa.org for assistance if you have not received your digital badge within:

One business day after passing your exam

Five business days after paying your renewal fee

13. Additional Questions If you cannot find an answer to your questions on this page, please reach out to the certification team by emailing certifications@isa.org. Our business hours are Monday–Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Eastern. Please allow one business day for us to respond to inquiries. Note, response times may be slightly delayed during periods of high-volume inquiries. In case of ISA-observed holidays, please be assured that a team member will reach out to assist you within one business day after normal business operations resume.

Certification Exams FAQs

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug