Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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UGC NET Cut Off 2023No result found, try new keyword!I have read the Privacy Policy and the Terms and Conditions. I provide consent for my data to be processed for the purposes as described and receive communications ...UGC NET Result 2023 Highlights: NTA UGC NET results out at ugcnet.nta.nic.in, direct link hereJul 25, 2023 07:29 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: When was exam conducted The first phase of UGC NET June was held from June 13 to 17 and the second one took place from June 19 to 22, 2023. Jul 25, 2023 07:17 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: Know how to check Visit the official website at ugcnet.nta.nic.in On the homepage, click on the result link Key in your log in details Your UGC NET result will be displayed on the screen Check the results and take the print for future reference. Jul 25, 2023 07:04 PM IST UGC NET Result 2023: Where to check marks Candidates will get UGC NET result on these websites: ugcnet.nta.nic.in ntaresults.nic.in. Jul 25, 2023 06:30 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: Over 6 lakh candidates UGC NET was held in two phases in June 2023 in 181 cities for a total of 6,39,069 candidates. Jul 25, 2023 06:20 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: When was exam conducted The first phase of UGC NET June was held from June 13 to 17 and the second one took place from June 19 to 22, 2023. Jul 25, 2023 06:12 PM IST UGC NET results 2023: Know how to check Visit the official website of UGC NET at ugcnet.nta.nic.in On the homepage, click on the results link Enter your credentials and click on the submit button UGC NET 2023 result will appear on the screen Download and save UGC NET 2023 results for future reference. Jul 25, 2023 06:04 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: Know about final answer keys The final answer keys for UGC NET has been released just before the announcement of the results. The link to check and download the final answer key is given above. Jul 25, 2023 06:00 PM IST UGC NET exam 2023: exam was held in two phases The entrance test was held in two phases for 83 subjects in 181 cities across the country. A total of 6,39,069 candidates were eligible for the exam. Jul 25, 2023 05:55 PM IST UGC NET results 2023: Over 6 lakh candidates appeared UGC NET 2023 was held in June for 6,39,069 candidates. They will get results on ugcnet.nta.nic.in. Jul 25, 2023 05:53 PM IST UGC BET Result: Cut off marks for Political Science The cut off marks for Political Science is JRF: 99.67 marks Assistant Professor: 97.65 marks Jul 25, 2023 05:45 PM IST UGC NET: Cut Off marks for Economics / Rural Economics /Co-operation / Demography / Development Planning The cut off marks for Assistant professor is 170 for unreserved category in Economics / Rural Economics /Co-operation / Demography / Development Planning and for JRF is 188 marks. Jul 25, 2023 05:38 PM IST UGC NET June Result 2023: Websites to check ugcnet.nta.nic.in ntaresults.nic.in Jul 25, 2023 05:30 PM IST UGC NET Result: Steps to check scores Visit the official site of UGC NET at ugcnet.nta.nic.in. Click on UGC NET result 2023 link available on the home page. Enter the login details and click on submit. Your admit card will be displayed on the screen. check the admit card and download the page. Keep a hard copy of the same for further need. Jul 25, 2023 05:25 PM IST UGC NET Result 2023: Where to check scores? Candidates will be able to check the results at the official NTA website at ugcnet.nta.nic.in. Jul 25, 2023 05:18 PM IST UGC NET Results cut offs: For Assistant Professor UNRESERVED: 170 EWS: 154 OBC(NCL): 152 SC: 142 ST: 136 Jul 25, 2023 05:15 PM IST UGC NET June Result 2023: Know JRF cut offs UNRESERVED: 188 EWS, OBC(NCL): 178 SC: 162 ST: 154 Jul 25, 2023 05:12 PM IST NTA UGC NET Results: Websites to check for scores ugcnet.nta.nic.in nta.ac.in ntaresults.nic.in Jul 25, 2023 05:03 PM IST UGC NET Result 2023: Declared UGC NET Result 2023 has been declared. The direct link is given above. Jul 25, 2023 05:00 PM IST UGC NET Result 2023: Final answer key released UGC NET final answer key has been released on the official site of NTA at nta.ac.in. The download link is given above. Jul 25, 2023 04:49 PM IST UGC NET Results: Marking Scheme Each question asked in UGC NET carries 2 marks. For each correct response, a candidate will get 2 marks and there is no negative marking for incorrect answers. Unanswered/un-attempted/marked for review: No marks. If a question is found to be incorrect/ambiguous or has multiple correct answers, only those candidates who have attempted the question and chosen one of the correct answers will get marks. If a question is found to be incorrect and the question is dropped, then 2 marks will be awarded to all those who have appeared in the exam. Jul 25, 2023 04:31 PM IST NET Result 2023: Steps to check Visit the official site of UGC NET at ugcnet.nta.nic.in. Click on UGC NET result 2022 link available on the home page. Enter the login details and click on submit. Your admit card will be displayed on the screen. check the admit card and download the page. Keep a hard copy of the same for further need. Jul 25, 2023 04:20 PM IST NTA NET Result: Where to check results ugcnet.nta.nic.in ntaresults.nic.in nta.ac.in Jul 25, 2023 04:17 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: Credentials required Application number Date of birth Jul 25, 2023 04:14 PM IST UGC NET result 2023 cut off: Know about marking scheme Each question asked in UGC NET carries 2 marks. For each correct response, a candidate will get 2 marks and there is no negative marking for incorrect answers. Unanswered/un-attempted/marked for review: No marks. If a question is found to be incorrect/ambiguous or has multiple correct answers, only those candidates who have attempted the question and chosen one of the correct answers will get marks. If a question is found to be incorrect and the question is dropped, then 2 marks will be awarded to all those who have appeared in the exam. Jul 25, 2023 04:11 PM IST NTA UGC NET result 2023: How to download results? Visit the official website ugcnet.nta.nic.in Click on the result link Key in your Application Number and Date of Birth and submit The UGC NET result will appear on screen Take a printout for future reference Jul 25, 2023 04:06 PM IST UGC NET result date 2023: Result likely to release soon The National Testing Agency (NTA) will likely release the UGC NET 2023 results soon. On the official UGC NET website, located at ugcnet.nta.nic.in / ntaresults.nic.in, a link for the UGC NET 2023 results will be active. Jul 25, 2023 04:03 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: download SANDES app to receive information Candidates can download and install the SANDES application as a secondary channel to receive time-to-time notifications from NTA. Jul 25, 2023 03:59 PM IST UGC NET June 2023 result: exam is conducted for JRF and Assistant professor UGC NET is conducted for ‘assistant professor’ and ‘junior research fellowship. Jul 25, 2023 03:25 PM IST UGC NET 2023: exam held in two phases UGC NET 2023 was held in 2 phases. The first phase was from June 13 to 17 and the second one was from June 19 to 22. Results of both phases will be announced together. Jul 25, 2023 02:59 PM IST UGC NET June 2023 result: Check result using their log in details Candidates can check their results on NTA websites using their log in details. Jul 25, 2023 02:57 PM IST UGC NET June result 2023: Websites to check nta.ac.in ntaresults.nic.in ugcnet.nta.nic.in Jul 25, 2023 02:54 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: Steps to check scores online Visit the official site of UGC NET at ugcnet.nta.nic.in. Click on UGC NET result 2023 link available on the home page. Enter the login details and click on submit. Your admit card will be displayed on the screen. check the admit card and download the page. Keep a hard copy of the same for further need. Jul 25, 2023 02:50 PM IST UGC NET result 2023 answer key NTA released the provisional answer key of UGC NET June 2023 on July 6, 2023. The last date to raise objections was till July 8, 2023. The final answer key has not been released and will be released along with the results. Jul 25, 2023 02:47 PM IST UGC NET result 2023 direct link UGC NET result 2023 direct link will be available when results are declared. The link will be available on nta.ac.in and also on ugcnet.nta.nic.in. Jul 25, 2023 02:44 PM IST UGC NET result 2023 expected date: July 26 or July 27 UGC NET result 2023 expected date is July 26 or July 27, 2023. Jul 25, 2023 02:42 PM IST NTA UGC NET result 2023: exam dates The exam was held in two phases – first phase from June 13 to 17 and the second one from June 19 to 22, 2023. Jul 25, 2023 02:40 PM IST UGC NET result date 2023: JRF eligibility To be considered for ‘JRF and Assistant Professor’ and for ‘Assistant Professor’ positions, candidates must have appeared in both papers and secured at least 40% aggregate marks in both papers taken together (35% for SC, ST, OBC-NCL, PwD and third gender). Jul 25, 2023 02:37 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: How to check Visit ugcnet.nta.nic.in or ntaresults.nic.in. Click on the link to check scorecards of UGC NET Dec 2022 and June 2023 merged cycles. On the login page, enter your application number and date of birth. Submit and check scorecard. Save a copy for later use. Jul 25, 2023 02:34 PM IST UGC NET June 2023 result date: Official update Jul 25, 2023 02:30 PM IST UGC NET June Result 2023: Where to check Once published, candidates can check UGC NET result on ugcnet.nta.nic.in and ntaresults.nic.in. Jul 25, 2023 02:27 PM IST UGC NET result 2023: Date and Time Date: July 26 or July 27, 2023 Time: Not updated Novel noninvasive test for malaria does not require a blood sampleA novel testing platform under development by researchers at the Yale School of Public Health (YSPH) and CytoAstra, LLC could provide a new noninvasive test for malaria that doesn't require a blood sample. The platform technology, known as cytophone, detects malaria infection in blood cells using lasers and ultrasound. Researchers developing the platform believe it could provide more sensitive and reliable testing results compared to the more traditional blood tests for malaria, which require a blood sample and tend to detect malaria only at higher parasite burdens, hindering effective detection and treatment. The research team recently received a $500,000 grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation that will allow them to build two improved prototypes of the testing platform and to do extensive field testing in Burkina Faso, where malaria is endemic, said Dr. Sunil Parikh, an associate professor of epidemiology (microbial diseases) at YSPH and of infectious diseases at the Yale School of Medicine. Parikh is a co-principal investigator on the project. Malaria is an enormous health problem globally. In 2021 (the most latest year for which data is available), nearly half of the world's population lived in an area where malaria is endemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). There were an estimated 247 million malaria cases that year — an increase of 2 million compared with 2020 — and 619,000 deaths, according to the WHO. Young children, pregnant women, and nonimmune travelers are the most vulnerable to severe infection. Parikh's co-principal investigator is Vladimir Zharov, director of the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and co-founder of CytoAstra, a company advancing cytophone research. CytoAstra is a sub-award recipient of the foundation grant. Zharov, a pioneer in noninvasive technologies for medical applications, has previously applied cytophone technology for the noninvasive detection ofcirculating melanoma cells. Realizing the platform's potential application for human malaria, Zharov teamed up with Parikh, whose research centers on malaria interventions in Africa, to develop a portable cytophone prototype that could detect malaria infection in people living in endemic settings. For malaria, the cytophone technology uses lasers at specific wavelengths focused on superficial blood vessels. When the parasites that cause malariainfection enter red blood cells, they use the hemoglobin inside those cells to liberate amino acids. A byproduct of this process is the release of hemozoin, a compound containing iron. When hit by a laser, hemozoin absorbs more of the laser's energy than hemoglobin, meaning cells infected with malaria parasites absorb more than noninfected cells. This absorbed energy is transformed into heat, and the heat expansion generates acoustic waves. The cytophone technology detects these waves using a small ultrasound transducer placed on the skin. After software analysis, peaks in the detected acoustic waves can identify malariainfection. In a prior study published in Scientific Reports, Zharov and Parikh showed their device could identify infection in mice using a rodent species of malaria parasite and in blood using a human malaria parasite. The Zharov team then developed a portable version of the device and the researchers jointly completed a human proof-of-concept study in malaria-infected adults in Cameroon with Professor Yap Boum, currently executive director of the Pasteur Institute of Bangui, and a long-standing collaborator of the Parikh lab. The results were promising and are under review for journal publication, Parikh said. Parikh praised the multidisciplinary collaborative effort with Zharov and their Cameroonian colleagues in advancing the technology. Working together "opened doors that they would never have been able to open separately," he said. The cytophone technology could represent a big improvement in diagnosing, treating, and understanding malaria, said Parikh. Malaria is currently diagnosed by two methods. In light microscopy, long the standard for diagnosis, blood is smeared on a slide, stained, and studied under a microscope. But because this requires resources and expertise, it is being replaced in many areas by rapid antigen blood tests. These are designed to react to the presence of a specific antigen, or protein found on the surface of a pathogen, in a sample. A problem with both methods is that they aren't very sensitive. You can have a very large parasite load with both microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests before you have a positive test." Dr Sunil Parikh, Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Yale University Because the cytophone technology can potentially scan a much larger volume of blood, it should be far more sensitive than current tests, Parikh said. The technology also could address an emerging problem with some antigen tests, he added. In Africa, the most common antigen tests search for an antigen on Plasmodium falciparum, the locally dominant of the five species of protozoa that cause human malaria, and the most dangerous. But researchers are finding more and more samples of the parasite with deletions of that antigen. In some places, most of the parasites no longer express that antigen, Parikh said. Since cytophone uses hemozoin, which all species of malaria parasites produce as part of their life cycle, as a marker, it would avoid this problem, Parikh said. "We don't think that there's ever a situation where hemozoin wouldn't be present over the life cycle of the parasite," he said. In addition to diagnosis problems, a challenge plaguing malaria treatment in the long term is that the parasites become resistant to medications. Since the technology focuses on hemozoin, it could be useful to researchers trying to develop and study new antimalarial drugs that target this pathway in humans, noninvasively, Parikh said. "I think that would be a really exciting avenue for this device." |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug