Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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MAT test Format | MAT Course Contents | MAT Course Outline | MAT test Syllabus | MAT test Objectives


Title: MAT (Management Aptitude Test)

Test Detail:
The MAT (Management Aptitude Test) is a standardized examination conducted by the All India Management Association (AIMA). It is designed to assess the aptitude of candidates seeking admission to various management programs, such as MBA and PGDM, in recognized business schools across India. The MAT evaluates candidates on their analytical, quantitative, verbal, and general awareness skills.

Course Outline:
The MAT test covers a wide range of syllabus to assess candidates' abilities in different areas relevant to management education. The course outline provides an overview of the key sections and syllabus included in the MAT exam:

1. Language Comprehension:
- studying comprehension
- Vocabulary
- Verbal reasoning
- Sentence correction
- Grammar and usage

2. Mathematical Skills:
- Arithmetic
- Algebra
- Geometry
- Number systems
- Data sufficiency

3. Data Analysis and Sufficiency:
- Data interpretation
- Data sufficiency
- Data comparison
- Data analysis and reasoning
- Statistical analysis

4. Intelligence and Critical Reasoning:
- Analogy and classification
- Blood relations
- Coding-decoding
- Direction sense
- Logical reasoning

5. Indian and Global Environment:
- Current affairs and general knowledge
- Business and economics
- International organizations
- Sports and entertainment
- Awards and honors

Exam Objectives:
The MAT test aims to evaluate candidates' aptitude and readiness for management education. The test objectives include, but are not limited to:

1. Assessing verbal and written communication skills.
2. Evaluating quantitative and mathematical reasoning abilities.
3. Testing analytical and logical reasoning skills.
4. Assessing general awareness of current affairs and business environment.
5. Measuring problem-solving and decision-making skills.
6. Gauging time management and exam-taking strategies.

Syllabus:
The MAT syllabus covers a wide range of syllabus from various disciplines. It is important to note that the syllabus may vary slightly from year to year. The following is a general breakdown of the syllabus covered in the MAT exam:

- Language Comprehension:
- studying comprehension
- Vocabulary and grammar
- Verbal reasoning

- Mathematical Skills:
- Arithmetic
- Algebra
- Geometry
- Modern mathematics

- Data Analysis and Sufficiency:
- Data interpretation
- Data comparison and sufficiency
- Data analysis and reasoning

- Intelligence and Critical Reasoning:
- Analogies
- Series completion
- Blood relations
- Coding-decoding
- Direction sense

- Indian and Global Environment:
- Current affairs
- General knowledge
- Business and economics
- International organizations



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Official SAT/ACT score reports 

If you included self-reported SAT or ACT scores as part of your application, you will have to submit official scores to match your highest self-reported section/composite scores by June 1. Your official standardized test scores are required in order for you to participate in Wildcat Welcome, move into your residence hall, and register for classes.

You can check to see which standardized test scores Undergraduate Admission has received via the Applicant Status Portal.

Submit disciplinary disclosure form

Northwestern requires incoming undergraduates to disclose criminal history and certain school disciplinary violations. Enrolling students will need to submit the disciplinary disclosure form by June 1 via the Applicant Status Portal. This form will be required for you to attend orientation, move into your residence hall, and register for classes.

Questions regarding the disciplinary disclosure form can be directed to the Office of Undergraduate Admission by emailing ug-admission@northwestern.edu or calling 847-491-7271.

Switching undergraduate schools/majors

To request a change of admission from one undergraduate school to another, use the relevant links on the Applicant Status Portal. School-change requests must be made by July 1 and require approval from the director of undergraduate admission. If you have questions, please email ug-admission@northwestern.edu.

Official AP/IB score reports 

If you took AP/IB exams, be sure to ask the testing service to send your official scores to Northwestern. IB results should be requested by July 15; AP reports should be requested by August 1. If your AP/IB test scores qualify, you may be assigned credits toward your Northwestern degree. To understand AP/IB test credit and requirements, visit the Credit for AP or IB Exams webpage. 

Students who deferred from a previous year can view the Deferred and/or Gap-Year Students page for information on this task. 

Your final high school transcript 

Your high school must submit your official transcripts as soon as they become available, but no later than August 1. Your final high school transcript, complete with graduation date, is required in order for you to attend orientation, move into your residence hall, and register for classes.

Your high school can submit your final transcript online through the Common Application website using its Final Report form or the Coalition Application website until July 1. Your high school can also mail it directly to the Office of Undergraduate Admission.

Students who deferred from a previous year can view the Deferred and/or Gap-Year Students page for information on this task. 

Transfer credit guidelines for incoming first years

Students who have taken college-level courses prior to Northwestern should review the Office of the Registrar's website to understand transfer credit eligibility. 

A note about school-specific requirements 

Each of Northwestern’s six undergraduate schools has distinct requirements that apply only to its own incoming students. Requirements can range from taking placement exams and compiling a dossier to completing forms and downloading software. All of your school-specific tasks are included in your Purple Prep checklist, and a summary of those tasks is included in your school's section on this website.  


 




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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug