Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : PR000005
Exam Name : Data Quality 9.x Developer Specialist
Vendor Name : Informatica
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PR000005 exam Format | PR000005 Course Contents | PR000005 Course Outline | PR000005 exam Syllabus | PR000005 exam Objectives
You may select from one or more response offerings to answer a question.
You will score the question correctly if your response accurately completes the statement or answers the question. Incorrect
distractors are given as possible correct answers so that those without the required skills and experience may wrongly select that choice.
A passing grade of 70% is needed to achieve recognition as an Informatica Certified Specialist (ICS) Data Quality Developer v9.x.
You are given 90 minutes to complete the exam. Test formats used in this exam are:
• Multiple Choice: Select one option that best answers the question or completes the statement
• Multiple Response: Select all that apply to best answer the question or complete the statement
• True/False: After studying the statement or questions select the best answer
Data Quality Developer 9.x, Specialist Certification
About the ICS Data Quality Developer exam and the Skill Set Inventory
This exam measures your competency as a member of a project implementation team. This involves having an in-depth knowledge of
each of the Data Quality processes from Profiling to Standardization, Matching and Consolidation. You need to be able to select and configure the appropriate Data Quality transformation for your requirements and build, debug and execute Data Quality mappings as well as integrate mappings into Power Center.
The skill set inventory is used to guide your preparation before taking the exam. It is an outline of the technical Topics and subject areas that are covered in each exam. The skill set inventory includes test domain weighting, test objectives and topical content. The Topics and concepts are included to clarify the test objectives.
Test takers will be tested on:
• Their ability to navigate through the Developer Tool
• Use of Project Collaboration techniques; shared Tags, Comments, Profiles, reference tables to share information with Analysts
• Using a variety of profiling methods to profile data
• The use of Analyst built profiles to develop mappings
• Build mappings and mapplets to cleanse and standardize data
• Perform Address Validation
• Identifying duplicate records in a dataset
• Automatically and manually consolidating duplicate records to create a master record
• Execution of mappings/mapplets in PowerCenter
• Deployment of Data Quality Mappings in an Excel spreadsheet (connect to Web Services)
Title % of Test
Informatica Overview 10%
Analyst Collaboration 10%
Profiling 15%
Standardization/Mapplets 10%
Address Validation 5%
Matching 10%
Consolidation and the DQA 10%
Integration with PowerCenter 5%
Object Import and Export 5%
DQ for Excel 5%
Parameters 5%
Content 10%
Test Topics
The exam will contain 70 questions comprised of Topics that span across the sections listed below. In order to ensure that you are prepared for the test, review the subtopics with each section.
Informatica Overview
• Describe the Informatica 9 architecture and set up
including the repositories required for installation
• Provide information on the Data Quality process and
dimensions of data quality
Analyst Collaboration
• Use and describe the functionality of the Analyst Tool including Scorecarding, Reference Table Management, Tags, Filters, Profiles and Comments
• Describe how Analysts and Developers can
collaborate on projects
• Describe the benefits of project collaboration to a
team
Profiling
• Perform and interpret column, rule, comparative and
mid-stream profiling
Standardization/Mapplets
• Be aware of where data standardization fits in the
DQ process
• Apply, configure and troubleshoot data
standardization transformations
• Differentiate between the various parsing techniques
available
• Recognize how reference tables are used in the
standardization process
Address Validation
• Verify the importance of Address Validation
• Configure the Address Validation transformation
including explaining each mode that is available and
what custom templates can be used for
• Interpret the AV outputs generated
Matching
• Develop and build match plans to identify duplicate
or related data
• Differentiate between the matching algorithms
available and explain how matching scores are
• Configure Identity Matching option for the match
transformation
• Explain populations, the identity match strategies that
are available and how they are used in Identity
Matching
Consolidation and the DQA
• Explain Automatic and Manual consolidation
techniques and configure the Transformations used
for automatic consolidation
• Use the Exception Transformation to generate and
populate the Bad Records and Duplicate Records
tables
• Troubleshoot any problems that may occur
• Generate a survivor record in the DQA
• Remove duplicates using DQA
Integration with Power Center
• Explain how to integrate IDQ mappings and
mapplets into PowerCenter Workflows including how
content is handled
Object Import and Export
• Define the difference between the Basic and
Advanced Import options available
• Explain Dependency conflict resolution and how it is
handled
• Describe how to Export a Project
DQ for Excel
• Describe the requirements for integration for Excel
• Define the techniques for creating mappings for DQ
for Excel
• Explain the Web service capabilities required for DQ
for Excel
• Provide an explanation on how to use the Informatica
ribbon in Excel
Parameters
• Explain what parameters are and why they are used
including what parameter functions are supported
• Identify which Transformations can use parameters
• Describe the process of exporting mappings with
parameters built in Content
• Explain what Content is, what is contained in the
Core Accelerator and why it is used.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug