Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CCAE-Architect
Exam Name : Cohesity Certified Architect Expert (COH500) (CCAE)
Vendor Name : COHESITY
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CCAE-Architect exam Format | CCAE-Architect Course Contents | CCAE-Architect Course Outline | CCAE-Architect exam Syllabus | CCAE-Architect exam Objectives


Exam Number: COH500 / CCAE
Exam Name: Cohesity Certified Architect Expert
Number of Questions: Not specified (the exam is proctored and adaptive, so the exact count may vary based on performance)
Time Allotted: 90 minutes
Passing Marks: 60% (candidates must achieve at least this score to pass)
Format: Multiple-choice questions, delivered and proctored through a third-party testing organization. Options include onsite testing at designated centers or remote proctoring.
Language: English

- Overview of Cohesity products, technology stack, and common use cases (e.g., backup, recovery, file services).
- Limitations of Cohesity solutions and when to recommend alternatives or expansions.
- Designing the architecture of the Cohesity DataProtect Platform, including hardware nodes, software-defined storage, and scalability considerations.
- Integration of core components like storage, compute, and networking in on-premises and cloud deployments.
- Cohesity Data Cloud: The unified platform for data management, security, and protection across environments.
- SpanFS: Cohesity's proprietary distributed file system for efficient data storage and deduplication.
- Cohesity DataProtect: The primary backup and recovery solution for protecting virtual, physical, and cloud workloads.
- Cohesity Cloud Services: SaaS-based services for management, analytics, and orchestration in the cloud.
- Nodes and Clusters: Hardware/software building blocks for scaling Cohesity deployments (e.g., C4000 series nodes).

- Sizing the Cohesity Data Platform using tools and methodologies to match customer requirements (e.g., capacity planning for TB/PB-scale data).
- Selecting protection techniques (e.g., continuous replication vs. scheduled backups) for diverse workloads like databases, VMs, and NAS shares.
- Designing comprehensive solutions spanning on-premises, public clouds (AWS, Azure, GCP), and hybrid environments, including data mobility and orchestration.
- Using Helios for managing clusters in isolated or "dark site" environments (e.g., air-gapped networks).
- Identifying business problems (e.g., data silos, ransomware risks) and mapping Cohesity features to solve them, including gap analysis in existing strategies.
- Helios: Cohesity's cloud-based (or self-managed) console for centralized cluster management, monitoring, and analytics.
- Cohesity Replication: Policy-based data replication for disaster recovery and high availability.
- Cohesity CloudArchive: Long-term archival to cloud storage (e.g., S3-compatible) for compliance and cost optimization.
- Cohesity CloudTier: Automated tiering of data to cloud object storage for secondary backups.
- Cohesity Organizations: Multi-tenancy feature for segregating data and access in shared environments.
- The Cohesity Web Sizing Tool: Online calculator for estimating cluster size based on workload, retention, and growth projections.
- Workloads: Protected entities like VMs (via VMware vSphere), databases (SQL, Oracle), or file systems (NFS/SMB).

- Key security features of Cohesity Data Cloud, including encryption, access controls, and threat detection.
- Design considerations for cyber resiliency, such as immutable storage, isolated recovery environments, and rapid restore processes.
- Architecting solutions for threat detection, response, and recovery in enterprise-scale deployments.
- Integrating security with data management (e.g., locking policies for backups).
- MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication): Layered security for user logins to the Cohesity UI and APIs.
- SSO (Single Sign-On): Integration with identity providers like Okta or Azure AD for seamless access.
- RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): Granular permissions for users and service accounts.
- DataLock: Immutable, WORM (Write Once, Read Many) storage to prevent ransomware tampering.
- Cyber Vaulting: Isolated, air-gapped storage for clean backups.
- Cohesity FortKnox: Secure, logical air-gapped vault for ransomware recovery.
- Cohesity Anomaly Detection: AI/ML-based monitoring for unusual backup patterns indicating threats.
- Cohesity Threat Hunting/Scanning/Detection: Tools for proactive malware scanning and forensic analysis in backups.
- Cohesity Data Classification: Automated tagging and policy application based on data sensitivity (e.g., PII, PCI compliance).

- Methods for integrating third-party tools (e.g., orchestration platforms like Ansible, monitoring tools like Splunk).
- Using Cohesity's RESTful API for custom scripts, automations, and workflows (e.g., automating backup policies).
- Best practices for API authentication, error handling, and scaling integrations.
- Common integrations with hypervisors (VMware, Hyper-V), cloud providers, and security tools.
- Cohesity API: REST-based interface for programmatic control of clusters, policies, and data operations.
- Third-Party Integrations: Connectors for tools like Veeam (for hybrid backups), ServiceNow (ticketing), or SIEM systems (e.g., Splunk for logging).
- Automation Workflows: Custom scripts using Python or PowerShell via API for tasks like alert notifications or data migration.

- Capturing and analyzing capacity/performance metrics from clusters to assess utilization (as-built vs. as-used) and forecast growth.
- Performing gap analysis on customer data protection strategies (e.g., identifying single points of failure or compliance risks).
- Using diagnostic tools for pre-deployment checks, health monitoring, and troubleshooting.
- Common troubleshooting scenarios, such as replication failures or performance bottlenecks.
- Siren: Cohesity's diagnostic and health-check tool for cluster validation, pre-install checks, and issue resolution.
- Gap Analysis: Systematic review of current vs. ideal protection strategies, including RTO/RPO (Recovery Time/Time Objective) exams.
- Capacity Planning: Metrics like IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second), throughput, and deduplication ratios for sizing expansions.
- As-Built vs. As-Used: Comparing designed architecture against real runtime behavior for optimization.

- Data Management Fundamentals: Deduplication (global reduction of redundant data), Compression (reducing data size), Erasure Coding (fault-tolerant storage), Retention Policies (scheduling data lifecycle).
- Deployment Models: On-Premises (self-hosted clusters), SaaS (Cohesity-managed cloud), Hybrid (mix of both).
- Use Cases: Ransomware Recovery, Disaster Recovery (DR), Dev/Test Environments, Analytics on Backups.
- Compliance and Standards: GDPR, HIPAA, SOC 2 (Cohesity's platform certifications for security controls).
- Performance Metrics: RTO/RPO, Bandwidth Optimization, Parallel Processing for restores.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug