Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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2019 CIA test Syllabus, Part 2 – Practice of Internal Auditing

100 questions l 2.0 Hours (120 minutes)



The CIA test Part 2 includes four domains focused on managing the internal audit activity, planning the engagement, performing the engagement, and communicating engagement results and monitoring progress. Part 2 tests candidates knowledge, skills, and abilities particularly related to Performance Standards (series 2000, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, and 2600) and current internal audit practices.​



Domains Collapse All

I. Managing the Internal Audit Activity (20%)​

​ ​ ​Cognitive Level

​​1. Internal Audit Operations

A​ ​​​Describe policies and procedures for the planning, organizing, directing, and monitoring of internal audit operations Basic

​B ​Interpret administrative activities (budgeting, resourcing, recruiting, staffing, etc.) of the internal audit activity Basic

2. Establishing a Risk-based Internal Audit Plan

A ​Identify sources of potential engagements (audit universe, audit cycle requirements, management requests, regulatory mandates, relevant market and industry trends, emerging issues, etc.) Basic​

​B ​Identify a risk management framework to assess risks and prioritize audit engagements based on the results of a risk exam Basic​​

​C ​Interpret the types of assurance engagements (risk and control exams, audits of third parties and contract compliance, security and privacy, performance and quality audits, key performance indicators, operational audits, financial and regulatory compliance audits) ​Proficient

​D ​Interpret the types of consulting engagements (training, system design, system development, due diligence, privacy, benchmarking, internal control exam, process mapping, etc.) designed to provide advice and insight Proficient​

​E ​Describe coordination of internal audit efforts with the external auditor, regulatory oversight bodies, and other internal assurance functions, and potential reliance on other assurance providers Basic​

​3. Communicating and Reporting to Senior Management and the Board

​A ​Recognize that the chief audit executive communicates the annual audit plan to senior management and the board and seeks the board's approval ​Basic

​B ​Identify significant risk exposures and control and governance issues for the chief audit executive to report to the board ​Basic

​C Recognize that the chief audit executive reports on the overall effectiveness of the organization's internal control and risk management processes to senior management and the board​ ​Basic

​D ​Recognize internal audit key performance indicators that the chief audit executive communicates to senior management and the board periodically Basic​

II. Planning the Engagement (20%)​

​ ​ ​Cognitive Level

​​1. Engagement Planning

A​ ​​​Determine engagement objectives, evaluation criteria, and the scope of the engagement Proficient

​B ​Plan the engagement to assure identification of key risks and controls Proficient

C​ ​Complete a detailed risk test of each audit area, including evaluating and prioritizing risk and control factors ​Proficient

D​ ​Determine engagement procedures and prepare the engagement work program ​​Proficient

​E ​Determine the level of staff and resources needed for the engagement ​​Proficient

III. Performing the Engagement (40%)

​ ​ ​Cognitive Level

​​1. Information Gathering

A​ Gather and examine relevant information (review previous audit reports and data, conduct walk-throughs and interviews, perform observations, etc.) as part of a preliminary survey of the engagement area Proficient

​B Develop checklists and risk-and-control questionnaires as part of a preliminary survey of the engagement area Proficient

C​ ​Apply appropriate sampling (nonstatistical, judgmental, discovery, etc.) and statistical analysis techniques ​Proficient

2. Analysis and Evaluation

A Use computerized audit tools and techniques (data mining and extraction, continuous monitoring, automated workpapers, embedded audit modules, etc.) Proficient

​B Evaluate the relevance, sufficiency, and reliability of potential sources of evidence Proficient

​C Apply appropriate analytical approaches and process mapping techniques (process identification, workflow analysis, process map generation and analysis, spaghetti maps, RACI diagrams, etc.) ​Proficient

​D Determine and apply analytical review techniques (ratio estimation, variance analysis, budget vs. actual, trend analysis, other reasonableness tests, benchmarking, etc.) Basic

​E Prepare workpapers and documentation of relevant information to support conclusions and engagement results Proficient

​F ​Summarize and develop engagement conclusions, including test of risks and controls Proficient​

​3. Engagement Supervision

​A Identify key activities in supervising engagements (coordinate work assignments, review workpapers, evaluate auditors' performance, etc.) ​Basic

IV. Communicating Engagement Results and Monitoring Progress (20%)

​ ​ ​Cognitive Level

​​1. Communicating Engagement Results and the Acceptance of Risk

A​ Arrange preliminary communication with engagement clients Proficient

​B Demonstrate communication quality (accurate, objective, clear, concise, constructive, complete, and timely) and elements (objectives, scope, conclusions, recommendations, and action plan) Proficient

​C ​Prepare interim reporting on the engagement progress ​Proficient

​D ​​Formulate recommendations to enhance and protect organizational value Proficient​

​E ​​Describe the audit engagement communication and reporting process, including holding the exit conference, developing the audit report (draft, review, approve, and distribute), and obtaining management's response Basic​

​F ​​Describe the chief audit executive's responsibility for assessing residual risk ​Basic

​G ​​Describe the process for communicating risk acceptance (when management has accepted a level of risk that may be unacceptable to the organization) Basic​

2. Monitoring Progress

A ​Assess engagement outcomes, including the management action plan Proficient

​B ​Manage monitoring and follow-up of the disposition of audit engagement results communicated to management and the board Proficient

Additional noteworthy elements related to the revised CIA Part Two test syllabus:

The syllabus features greater alignment with The IIAs Performance Standards.

The test covers the chief audit executives responsibility for assessing residual risk and communicating risk acceptance.

The largest domain is “Performing the Engagement,” which makes up 40% of the exam.

A portion of the test requires candidates to demonstrate a basic comprehension of concepts; another portion requires candidates to demonstrate proficiency in their knowledge, skills, and abilities.



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Financial (CIA) information hunger

 

Financial Information

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan 501(c)(3) organization located in Washington, DC. CSIS provides strategic insights and solutions to decisionmakers, and relies upon your support to help us fulfill their vision of a more secure and prosperous future.

Ideas matter. Stability and prosperity are not natural conditions, but the results of sound policies and more effective government institutions.

Our mission at CSIS is to promote and generate practical ideas to address the world’s greatest challenges.

Since 1962, CSIS has been a proven source of thoughtful, innovative, and balanced solutions to the most complex foreign policy and national security challenges of their time.

Our staff of more than 250 full-time employees, large network of affiliated scholars, and world-class Board of Trustees share a common purpose to build a better, safer, more prosperous world.

Our work would not be possible without the support they receive from individuals, private foundations, corporations, and government agencies. They invite you to support CSIS as they help their world navigate toward a more peaceful and secure future.

Your support means you will have a positive impact on Washington and the world.

Percentages listed below are drawn from the audited financial statements from the fiscal year ending:

FY22 Operating Revenue - $46,853,261

Corporate Grants & Contributions - 32%Foundation Grants - 24%Government - 25%Individual Contributions - 14%Endowment Draw - 4%Other Revenue – 1%

FY22 Operating Expenses - $46,809,005Program Expenses - 66%Management & General Expenses - 28%Development - 6%

**Operating expenses exclude building depreciation and capital campaign expenses

Operating Expenses: $42.1 Million
  • Program Expenses: 66%
  • Management & General Expenses: 27%**
  • Development: 7%
  • **Operating expenses exclude building depreciation and capital campaign expenses

    Additional Financial Information:

    Financial Information

    Financial Information Skip to Main Content Skip to Main Navigation Skip to Footer

    The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy, Campus Crime Statistics Act and the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 require higher education institutions to provide an annual security report and annual fire safety report that contain crime statistics and fire statistics for the three most recently completed calendar years, institutional policies or procedures for reporting crimes and current policies concerning the security of, and access to, campus facilities and residencies, as well as security considerations in the maintenance of campus facilities.

    A print copy of the most accurate report is available upon request, email clery@ung.edu.

    Establishing Connection...


     


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug